O.H.T.

L
Over Head Transmission line

ELECTRIC NETWORKS
COMPARISON BETWEEN DC & AC
NETWORKS

NETWORKS
Electric Networks

Generation
Transmission
Distribution
Step up transformer
G

Step down transformer

.T.L

.D

 Generation Power station

The electric power is generated by:
Hydraulic

power
Thermal power
Nuclear power
Gas
Source
Sun
Wind

Mechanical
Alternator

Prime mover
Turbine

Transmission

The generation stations (power plant )are

away from consumption centers .
The generated voltage is raised to high
voltage ( 750 kV ) by step up transformer .
The generated power should be transmitted
through the Transmission Network line :
a. Overhead conductor for Medium voltage , High
voltage and Extra high voltage (ACSR-AAAC-AACSR)
b. Under ground Cables for Medium voltage , High
voltage and Extra high voltage .

 Distribution

To deliver power to the consumers

the voltage is reduced to Low voltage
0.4 kV.

Distribution Networks :
a. Overhead conductor in urban areas
( ACSR , AAC )
b. Underground cables inside town .

Example
Egypt
20 kV

Generation

220 kV or 500 kV
(depend on network) transmission

66 kV
22 kV 11 kV
380 V distribution

AC & DC Transmission

DCAdvantages:
Two

wires
No inductance - No capacitance
Better voltage regulation
Better efficiency
No skin effect
Less voltage drop
Less losses
No power factor

DC Transmission

DC Disadvantage:
Can
No

not generated at high voltage DC

stepping up or stepping down

Protective

devices are complicated

AC & DC Transmission

AC Advantages:
Generated

at high voltage
Stepping up and stepping down
Protection devices are less complicated

AC Disadvantage:
Three

wires system
Effect of skin
Losses
R, C, L (Losses).

Conclusion
There are two main applications for
Dc transmission

Connection between two grids which have two

different frequencies.
Point to point transmission Egypt Libya

AC transmission is cheaper than DC

transmission.

Type of conductor Classification

O.H.T.L. can be made of different types of

materials: Copper and Aluminum
Copper

Aluminum

Better tensile strength

Cheaper

Better conduction

Lighter

Specific weight of Copper

8.9 kg/m3
Specific weight of Aluminum 2.7 kg/m3
So 8.9/2.7 = 3.3 Aluminum is lighter 3 times than Copper

For economic wise we use aluminum conductor

because of low price and light weight.

Different type for OHTL

O.H.T.L

Ground
wire

AAC

AAAC

ACSR

AACSR

Hard
Drawn
Copper

ABC
Cable

AAC
(All Aluminum Conductor)
Instranded
Egypt H14
1. These conductors are formed by
aluminum wires .
2. All the wires have the same nominal diameter .
3. Main applications :

Low Voltage lines

Low span application (30-50mt)

span

Aluminum
H14

Standards

IEC International Electro-technical commission

IEC 60889, IEC 61089

BS EN 60889,

BS EN 50182

Resistivity at 20 0C 28.264 (61% IACS)

IACS: International Annealed Copper Standards

Density

2.703 kg/dm3

Coefficient of linear expansion

Constant mass temperature coefficient of resistance at

20 0C = 0.00403 1/C

23 * 10-6 1/C

AAAC
(All Aluminum Alloy Conductor)

we add 0.5% si 0.6% mg

Tensile strength will be approx. double of AAC

Long span application

Medium, high, extra high voltage line

Electric conductivity is approx. 15% lower than

AAC
span
AAAC

AAAC

Standards

IEC 60104 IEC 61089

BS EN 50183 BS EN 50182
ASTM 398

ASTM (American Society for Testing and material)

Classification of AAAC

According to IEC 60104 Type A and Type B

Type A: higher tensile strength and lower
conductivity than type B

According to BS EN 50183: there are 6 types according

to the country.

Density at 20 0C
2.703 kg/dm3
Coefficient of linear expanse
23*10-6 1/C
Constant-mass temperature coefficient of resistance at
20 0C 0.00361 1/C

ACSR
Aluminum conductor steel reinforced
1. These conductors are formed by stranded wires the
core are made of galvanized steel and the external
layer of aluminum .
2. Due to the greater diameter of the conductors electric
losses by the by the corona effect are greatly reduced .
3. The diameter of steel and aluminum wires can be alike
or different .
4. For large Span (320-350mt) and economical
advantages in the installation of Over Head lines .
5. Layer of grease between Aluminum and steel wires .
6. Main Application : Medium , High and extra high voltage
7. Standard:
IEC 60888 , 60889 & 61089
BS EN 50189 , BS EN 50182

We use steel core to increase tensile strength

Electrically: approximate no effect due to skin effect

Why we use grease?

1- In case of 2 different material to avoid chemical
reaction between the two material
2- To Avoid friction effect between 2 material due to
different linear expansion
3- In case of the material to improve conductivity

- Standards
IEC 60889
IEC 60888
IEC 61089
BS EN 60889 -BS EN 50189 - BS EN 50182
ASTM 498
ASTM 232

Classification of Steel

According to IEC 60888:

Regular, high strength, extra high
strength

According to BS EN 50189:
6 types of steel

Density of steel 7.78 kg/dm3

Coefficient of linear expansion

11.5*10-6 1/C

AACSR
Aluminum Alloy Steel Reinforced

We obtain the advantage of steel and AAAC

Hard Drawn Copper

what is the different between hard drawn and soft drawn?

RESISTIVITY 0.01777 m

Tensile strength 400:415 N/mm2

Standards

DIN 48201
BS 7884

Steel
Grease
AAAC

ABC Cable
(Arial Bundled cable)
Single - duplex triplex or Quadruplex

Messenger

Lighting

Power

OPGW Ground wire

Steel: Lightening current and short

circuit

OPGW: Optical Grounding Wire to

transfer data

SPECIFICATION

State the type of conductor

Standards

Sizes

Code name ASTM, BS

Customer requirement

Prepared by
Eng. Waleed Abdel Azeem

Approved by
Eng. Mohamed Farrag