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2.1 Scalars and Vector Quantities
2.1 Scalars and Vector Quantities
About Physics
What is Physics?
Physics
Science
Science
Experiments
Theory
A hypothesis predicts other facts that can be checked is the theory right?
Air
Earth
Water
Fire
Aristotelian Physics
The Renaissance
Galileo Galilei (1564 -1642) was one of the
first to use the scientific method of observation
and experimentation. He laid the groundwork
for modern science.
Classical Mechanics
Mechanics : the study of motion
Galileo (1564 -1642) laid the
groundwork for Mechanics
Newton (1642-1727) completed
its development (~almost~)
Newtons Laws work fine for
Planetary motion
Steam Engines
Radio
Cars
Television
Quantum
Mechanics
Microwaves
Transistors
Computers
Lasers
The Next
Great Theory
Teleportation
Faster than
light travel
(cant exist
today)
Mechanics
Where is it located?
12
Units
13
Fundamental Units
Length [L]
Foot
Meter - Accepted Unit
Furlong
Time [T]
Mass [M]
Derived Units
[L]2
[L]3
Combination of Units
Velocity = Length / Time
[L/T]
Acceleration = Length / (Time Time)
[L/T2]
Jerk = Length / (Time Time Time)
[L/T3]
Force = Mass Length / (Time Time)
[M L/T2]
15
Units
British Units:
Inches, feet, miles, pounds, slugs...
16
Unit Conversion
1
1
1
1
inch = 2.54
m = 3.28
mile = 5280
mile = 1.61
cm
ft
ft
km
mi
mi
ft
1 m
1 hr
m
1
1 5280
0.447
hr
hr
mi 3.28 ft 3600 s
s
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Orders of Magnitude
Length
Time
Mass
electron
universe
~ 10-30 kg
~ 1028 kg
18
Physical Scale
4000 mi
Flying Time
6 hrs
= 660 mph
19
Dimensional Analysis
Fundamental Quantities
Length - [L]
Time
- [T]
Mass
- [M]
Derived Quantities
Velocity - [L]/[T]
Density
- [M]/[L]3
Energy
- [M][L]2/[T]2
20
Physical Quantities
v(0)
[L]/[T] = [L]/[T]
a t
+ [L]/[T]2 [T]
t2
21
Vectors
22
A scalar is a physical
quantity that has only
magnitude (size) and
can be represented by a
number and a unit.
A vector is a physical
quantity that has both
magnitude (size) and
direction.
Examples of vectors?
Velocity
Force
Examples of scalars?
Time
Mass
Temperature
Density
Electric charge
23
Vectors are
25
Magnitude of a Vector
( Magnitude of A) A A
26
Vector Addition
27
Vector Addition
CAUTION
Example: C < A + B.
28
Vector Addition
R A B C D C
R A B C A E
29
Vector Subtraction
Subtract vectors:
A B A ( B)
30
Vector Components
There
31
Vector Components
r r r
If R A B
Then R A B and R A B
x
x
x
y
y
y
r
r
Where A A cos and A A cos
x
A
y
A
r
r
Bx B cos B and By B sin B
32
Vector Components
r
R Rx2 Ry2
tan 1
Ry
r
R
Ry
Rx
Rx
33
Vector Components
CAUTION
34
Vector Components
R A B
Rx Ax Bx
A B A ( B)
R y Ay B y
35
Vector Components
36
VECTOR ADDITION
37
Vector Components
There are two methods of vector addition
Graphical represent vectors as scaled-directed
line segments; attach tail to head
Analytical resolve vectors into x and y
components; add components
Component
vectors
A Ax Ay
Components
Ax Ax
Ay Ay
38
Vector Components
y
90 < < 180
cos (-) sin (+)
= 90
= 180
180 < < 270
cos (-) sin (-)
= 270
0 < < 90
cos (+) sin (+)
x = 0
270 < < 360
cos (+) sin (-)
39
40
Vector Components
Ay
A
sin
Ax
cos
A
Ax A cos
Ay A sin
41
Vector Components
CAUTION
42
Vector Components
Magnitude: Pythagorean
2
2
theorem
x
y
A A A
tan
Ay
Ax
arctan
Ay
Ax
45
Ax A cos A
Ay A sin A
Bx B cos B
B y B sin B
46
EXECUTE
Bx B cos B
B y B sin B
Rx Ax Bx C x ...
R y Ay B y C y ...
Magnitude
Direction
R Rx R y
arctan
Ry
EVALUATE
Check your results comparing them with the rough estimates!
Rx
47
Vector Components
A=90.0-32.0=58.0
B=180.0+36.0=216.0
C=270.0
Ax=A cos A
Ay=A sin A
Distance
Angle
X-comp
Y-comp
A=72.4m
58.0
38.37m
61.40m
B=57.3m
216.0
-46.36m
-33.68m
C=17.8m
270.0
0.00m
-17.80m
-7.99m
9.92m
48