Daylighting

Fisika Bangunan Terapan

Megaron, Ancient Greek, 800 SM

DAYLIGHT vs SUNLIGHT

Pantheon,Rome, 123 M

DAYLIGHT
vs SUNLIGHT

DAYLIGHT vs SUNLIGHT

DAYLIGHT vs SUNLIGHT
Sunlight
The sunlight offers a moving directional light source.
the sunlight intensity always change; 5 to 10 x more intense than
daylight
the orientations always changing periodically (use sun path or
protractor)
the sunlight brings heat penetration into the room, etc.
Manage sunlight for
creating decorative Focal Points of room, such as stained glass
windows,or
illuminate and emphasize objects or surfaces, such as fountain
or ornamental walls

DAYLIGHT vs SUNLIGHT
Daylight
the daylight intensity always change, but has a
mean intensity (90%). E.g: Indonesia use 10000
lux as Langit Perencanaan.
the daylight dont have direction, so that need to
be directed.
the daylight dont bring heat into the room.
Manage daylight for lighting the room (at day).

DIAGRAM
clear

zenith

Direct
80%

sunlight

overcast

About 1/5
of sunlight
illuminance

horizon

daylight

DAYLIGHT dipengaruhi oleh

Kondisi Awan (overcast sky, partly cloudy, clear
sky)
Posisi matahari (azimuth dan altitude)
Musim
Kandungan uap air di udara
L = Lz (1 + sin ) , shg luminasi daylight pd
zenith adl 3x luminasi
3
pd horizon (overcast sky)
Moon & Spencer, 1942

DAYLIGHT di Indonesia
Mengikuti hasil pengukuran Suryawinata 1974,
Utk ketinggian matahari mulai 60, distribusi luminasi
untuk overcast sky, akan mendekati persamaan di atas.
Sedang utk ketinggian matahari kurang dari 60, posisi
matahari akan sangat mempengaruhi distribusi luminasi
terutama pada azimuth.
Mengikuti penelitian Adhiwiyogo 1969, Suryawinata 1974,
Langit perencanaan di Bandung, nilai stabil 90% adalah
overcast sky dengan luminasi 10.000 lux (hanya dari
cahaya langit)
Angka ini dipakai untuk seluruh Indonesia, sebelum ada
penelitian yang valid untuk wilayah tertentu.

DAYLIGHT FACTOR (DF)

Berhubung besarnya cahaya langit yang selalu berubahubah, maka untuk menyatakan tingkat pencahayaan dari
langit di dalam bangunan digunakan suatu ratio yang
disebut Faktor Pencahayaan siang hari (FP) atau
Daylight Factor (DF) yaitu
Perbandingan tingkat pencahayaan pada suatu titik
pada bidang tertentu dalam suatu ruangan yang
ditimbulkan oleh cahaya langit dengan suatu
distribusi luminasi tertentu, terhadap tingkat
pencahayaan pada bidang horisontal dari cahaya
langit di tempat terbuka, pada saat yang sama
dimana kedua tingkat pencahayaan tsb tidak
memperhitungkan cahaya matahari.

DAYLIGHT FACTOR (DF)

DF biasanya dinyatakan dalam persen sbb :
DF = Ei x 100 %
Eo
Ei = level pencahayaan dari langit pada suatu
titik pada suatu bidang di dalam ruangan (lux)
Eo = level pencahayaan dari cahaya langit pada
bidang horisontal di tempat terbuka (lux)
Besarnya DF ditentukan oleh
Komponen Langit(FL), Komponen Rg Dlm, Komponen Rg Luar

DF untuk aktivitas ruang

Task

fc (lux)

10-20Lat. 30 Lat.

50 Lat.

Lobby, offices 10-20 (108-215)

general

0.5 1

1 1.5

2 3.5

Hotel rooms,
Conference,
Library
stacks

1.5 3

1.5 4

3.5 9

3 6.5

48

9 17.5

20-50 (215-538)

Reading,
50-100 (5381076)
Drafting,
Sewing,
Sports-indoor
Science lab

Principle of Overhang to Daylight

Distribution

1
no overhang
louvers

3
2

3
1

The curves indicate light levels.

Overhangs reduce light and
glare near the window, creating
a softer gradient in the rooms

Break up the overhang for

better distribution

Sidelighting (areas to be served by daylight)

--overcast sky

daylighted
zone
1.5 d

daylighted
zone
1.5 - 2 d

Light-shelf

Side lighting (areas to be served by daylight)

-- overcast sky

core
Less effective area

Effective areas within daylight 1.5 d

d
1.5 d

Daylight Rule of Thumb (DF-overcast sky)

Side lighting (areas to be served by daylight)

For spaces with sidelighting :

DF av = 0.2 window area

floor area

DF min = 0.1 window area

floor area
DF = daylight factor
Window area = total window area
Floor area = total areas to be served by 1.5d
Mechanical and Electrical Equipment for Building 7th ed. p.161

Soal
Lobby kantor dg ukuran 5 m x 6 m memiliki sisi dinding yang berjendela seluas
12 m2 di satu sisi-nya seperti pada gambar. Berapakah jarak dari jendela, yang
masih memungkinkan aktivitas penglihatan di ruang tsb?
(DF lobby = 0.5 -1)

Denah

5.00

1.5 d
Potongan
d=3.00

6.00

Side lighting
DF ave. = (0.2 x window area) / floor area
Floor area = 1.5 d x 5 = 4.5 x 5 = 22.5m2
DF ave. = (0.2 x 12) / 22.5 =0 .1067
DF ave. = (0.2 x window area) / floor area
0.5
= (0.2 x 12) / floor area;
Floor area = 4.8; maka jarak dari jendela
= 4.8 / 5 = 0.96 m

Daylight Rule of Thumb (DF-overcast sky)

Clerestory / vertical monitors (areas to be

served by daylight)
For spaces with toplighting / vertical monitors :

DF av = 0.2 skylight glazing area

floor area
DF = daylight factor
Skylight glazing area = total windows
Floor area = total area to be served by daylight

Daylight Rule of Thumb (DF-overcast sky)

Skylight (area to be served by daylight)

Horizontal skylight

DF av. = 0.5 skylight glazing area

floor area
DF = daylight factor
Skylight glazing = total windows
Floor area = total area to be served by daylight

Daylight Planning

Net Glazing Areas

Required Net Glazing Areas=
1

2 x DF ave

Total area of
x
Interior surfaces

Visible Transmittance
4

1 - Area weighted
ave.reflectance of
all interior surfaces

Vertical angle of sky visible

from center of window
5

Average Daylight Factor

If low-light spaces are desired ; DF = 1
If average spaces are desired ; DF = 2
If bright spaces are desired ; DF = 4

Daylight Planning
2

Total Area of Interior Surfaces

Add up total surface area of walls, ceiling and floor
Area Weighted Average Reflectance of all Interior Surfaces

Between 0 and 1. Add up total surface area of walls, ceiling, floor,

windows, partitions, furniture and calculate weighted average
reflectance (see equation)

Wall area x wall

reflectance

Ceiling area x
ceiling reflectance

Area weighted
ave. reflectance= Total surface area + Total surface area + etc.
Use 0.5 as default

Daylight Planning
4

Visible Transmittance ( VT)

Generic glazing types(1/4 panes)
Double pane clear
Double pane tint-green or blue green
Double pane tint blue
Double pane tint bronze
Double pane tint gray
Double pane low reflective
Double pane medium reflective
Double pane high reflective
Double pane low-e clear
Double pane low-e tint-green or blue-green
Double pane low-e tint-blue
Double pane low-e tint-bronze
Double pane low-e tint-gray
Suspended low-e film products

Typical VT
0.8
0.65
0.51
0.47
0.39
0.30
0.20
0.10
0.70
0.63
0.49
0.45
0.37
0.27 0.6

Or use
0.7 for small windows, 0.5 for medium windows, 0.3 for large windows

Daylight Planning
5

Vertical Angle of Sky

Estimate the angle as shown, from center of window.
Value between 0 and 90.
If no obstruction, vertical angle is 90.

horizon

Source : A sequence for daylighting design J.Lynes, Lighting research and technology,1979

sistem di dalam bangunan

Structural s
Envelope / selubung e
Mechanical m
Interior i
Dalam bangunan, sistem-sistem tsb saling
berhubungan/terkait sehingga tercapai
efektivitas, efisiensi, serta estetika.

hubungan antar sistem

Remote
Touching
Connected
Meshed
Unified

tetrahedron

Remote (berjauhan)
Level yang paling rendah, sistem-sistem
secara fisik berjauhan, tapi terkoordinasi
dalam fungsinya.

Touched (bersentuhan)

Salah satu sistem menumpang di atas yang

lain, terutama oleh karena gravitasi.

Connected (terhubung)

Sistem yang satu terhubung pada yang lain

dengan paku, baut, terjepit, penggantung,
perekat, dsb..

Meshed (bertautan)

Sistem-sistem menempati tempat yang sama

Unified (menyatu)
Sistem-sistem berbagi bentuk fisik yang sama
dan tidak lagi bisa dibedakan.

Kimbell

Art

FortWorth, Texas

Museum

Kimbell art museum Fort worth, Texas

b
c
e

j
k

d
f

a=sheet lead roof b=acrylic skylights

c=post-tensioned concrete shell
d=reflectors
e=supply ductwork
f=incandescent track g=wood floring
h=return air ducts
i=exposed concrete masonry
j=waffle slab
k=travertine infill

Exhibition Hall
Turin

Railway Platform, Rotterdam

Kualalumpur International Airport

a=hypar shell roof

b= triangular
skylight trusses
c=steel plate
ceiling
d=TL lighting track
e=RC
column
f=aluminium &
glazing wall