The Heart: Powerpoint Lecture Presentations Prepared by Jason Lapres

20
The Heart
PowerPoint Lecture Presentations prepared by

Jason LaPres
Lone Star CollegeNorth Harris
2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
An Introduction to the Cardiovascular System

The Pulmonary Circuit
Carries blood to and from gas exchange surfaces of
lungs
The Systemic Circuit

Carries blood to and from the body
Blood alternates between pulmonary circuit and
systemic circuit

Three Types of Blood Vessels
1. Arteries
Carry blood away from heart
2. Veins
Carry blood to heart
3. Capillaries
Networks between arteries and veins

Capillaries
Also called exchange vessels
Exchange materials between blood and tissues
Materials include dissolved gases, nutrients, waste
products
Figure 20-1 An Overview of the Cardiovascular System
PULMONARY CIRCUIT
SYSTEMIC CIRCUIT
Pulmonary arteries
Systemic arteries
Pulmonary veins
Systemic veins
Capillaries
in lungs
Right
atrium
Right
ventricle
Capillaries
in trunk
and lower
limbs
Capillaries
in head,
neck, upper
limbs
Left
atrium
Left
ventricle

Four Chambers of the Heart
1. Right atrium
Collects blood from systemic circuit
2. Right ventricle
Pumps blood to pulmonary circuit
3. Left atrium
Collects blood from pulmonary circuit
4. Left ventricle
Pumps blood to systemic circuit
20-1 Anatomy of the Heart

The Heart
Great veins and arteries at the base
Pointed tip is apex
Surrounded by pericardial sac
Sits between two pleural cavities in the mediastinum
Figure 20-2a The Location of the Heart in the Thoracic Cavity
Trachea
Thyroid gland
First rib (cut)
Base of heart
Left lung
Right lung
Apex of heart
Diaphragm
Parietal pericardium
(cut)
An anterior view of the chest, showing the position of the heart and
major blood vessels relative to the ribs, lungs, and diaphragm.

The Pericardium
Double lining of the pericardial cavity
Visceral pericardium
Inner layer of pericardium
Outer layer
Forms inner layer of pericardial sac

The Pericardium
Pericardial cavity
Is between parietal and visceral layers
Contains pericardial fluid
Pericardial sac
Fibrous tissue
Surrounds and stabilizes heart
Figure 20-2b The Location of the Heart in the Thoracic Cavity
Posterior mediastinum
Esophagus
Aorta (arch segment removed)

Left pulmonary artery
Right pleural cavity

Right
lung
Left
lung
Left pleural cavity
Left pulmonary vein

Bronchus of lung
Right pulmonary artery
Aortic
arch
Right pulmonary vein
Pulmonary trunk
Left atrium
Left ventricle
Pericardial cavity
Superior vena cava
Epicardium
Right atrium
Pericardial sac
Right ventricle
Anterior mediastinum
A superior view of the organs in the mediastinum; portions of the lungs have
been removed to reveal blood vessels and airways. The heart is situated in
the anterior part of the mediastinum, immediately posterior to the sternum.
Figure 20-2c The Location of the Heart in the Thoracic Cavity
Base of heart
Cut edge of
parietal pericardium
Fibrous tissue of
pericardial sac
Areolar tissue
Mesothelium
Cut edge of epicardium
Wrist (corresponds
to base of heart)
Inner wall (corresponds
to epicardium)
Air space (corresponds
to pericardial cavity)
Outer wall (corresponds
to parietal pericardium)
Balloon
Fibrous
attachment
to diaphragm
Apex of heart
The relationship between the heart and the pericardial cavity; compare with the fist-and-balloon example.

Superficial Anatomy of the Heart
Atria
Thin-walled
Expandable outer auricle (atrial appendage)
Figure 20-3a The Superficial Anatomy of the Heart
Left common
carotid artery
Arch of aorta
Brachiocephalic
trunk
Ligamentum
arteriosum
Descending
aorta
Left pulmonary
artery
Ascending
aorta
Superior
vena cava
Auricle
of right
atrium
Pulmonary
trunk
Auricle of
left atrium
RIGHT
ATRIUM
RIGHT
VENTRICLE
Fat and
vessels in
coronary
sulcus
Left subclavian artery
Fat and vessels

in anterior
interventricular
sulcus
LEFT
VENTRICLE
Major anatomical features on the anterior surface.
Figure 20-3a The Superficial Anatomy of the Heart
Ascending
aorta
Pulmonary
Fibrous
trunk
pericardium
Auricle of
left atrium
Parietal
pericardium
Superior
vena cava
Auricle of
right atrium
RIGHT ATRIUM
Right coronary
artery
Coronary sulcus
RIGHT VENTRICLE
Marginal branch
of right coronary artery
fused to diaphragm
Anterior
interventricular
sulcus
LEFT
VENTRICLE
Major anatomical features on the anterior surface.
Figure 20-3b The Superficial Anatomy of the Heart
Arch of aorta
Left pulmonary artery

Right pulmonary
artery
Left pulmonary veins

Fat and vessels in
coronary sulcus
Coronary
sinus
Superior
vena cava
LEFT
ATRIUM
RIGHT
ATRIUM
LEFT
VENTRICLE
RIGHT
VENTRICLE
Right
pulmonary
veins (superior
and inferior)
Inferior
vena cava
Fat and vessels in posterior

interventricular sulcus
Major landmarks on the posterior surface. Coronary

arteries (which supply the heart itself) are shown in
red; coronary veins are shown in blue.
Figure 20-3c The Superficial Anatomy of the Heart
Base of heart
1
Ribs
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
2
3
4
Apex of
heart
5
6
7
8
9
10
Heart position relative to the rib cage.


The Heart Wall
1. Epicardium
2. Myocardium
3. Endocardium

Epicardium (Outer Layer)
Visceral pericardium
Covers the heart

Myocardium (Middle Layer)
Muscular wall of the heart
Concentric layers of cardiac muscle tissue
Atrial myocardium wraps around great vessels
Two divisions of ventricular myocardium
Endocardium (Inner Layer)
Simple squamous epithelium
Figure 20-4a The Heart Wall
Dense fibrous layer
Areolar tissue
Mesothelium
Pericardial cavity
Myocardium
(cardiac muscle tissue)
Epicardium
(visceral pericardium)
Cardiac muscle cells
Mesothelium
Connective tissues
Areolar tissue
Endocardium
Areolar tissue
Endothelium
Figure 20-4b The Heart Wall
Atrial
musculature
Ventricular
musculature
Cardiac muscle tissue

forms concentric layers
that wrap around the
atria or spiral within the
walls of the ventricles.

Cardiac Muscle Tissue
Intercalated discs
Interconnect cardiac muscle cells
Secured by desmosomes
Linked by gap junctions
Convey force of contraction
Propagate action potentials
Figure 20-5a Cardiac Muscle Cells
Cardiac muscle cell

Mitochondria
Intercalated
disc (sectioned)
Nucleus
Cardiac muscle
cell (sectioned)
Bundles of
myofibrils
Intercalated discs
Cardiac muscle cells

Figure 20-5b Cardiac Muscle Cells
Intercalated disc
Gap junction
Opposing plasma
membranes
Desmosomes
Structure of an intercalated disc
Figure 20-5c Cardiac Muscle Cells
Intercalated discs
LM 575

Internal Anatomy and Organization
Interatrial septum separates atria
Interventricular septum separates ventricles

Internal Anatomy and Organization
Atrioventricular (AV) valves
Connect right atrium to right ventricle and left
atrium to left ventricle
Are folds of fibrous tissue that extend into
openings between atria and ventricles
Permit blood flow in one direction
From atria to ventricles

The Right Atrium
Superior vena cava
Receives blood from head, neck, upper limbs, and chest
Inferior vena cava

Receives blood from trunk, viscera, and lower limbs
Coronary sinus
Cardiac veins return blood to coronary sinus
Coronary sinus opens into right atrium

The Right Atrium
Foramen ovale
Before birth, is an opening through interatrial septum
Connects the two atria
Seals off at birth, forming fossa ovalis
Figure 20-6a The Sectional Anatomy of the Heart
Left common carotid artery

Left subclavian artery
Brachiocephalic
trunk
Superior
vena cava
Ligamentum arteriosum
Pulmonary trunk
Aortic arch
Pulmonary valve
Right
pulmonary
arteries
Left pulmonary
arteries
Ascending aorta
Fossa ovalis
Opening of
coronary sinus
LEFT
ATRIUM
Left pulmonary
veins
Interatrial septum
Aortic valve
RIGHT ATRIUM
Pectinate muscles
Conus arteriosus
Cusp of left AV
(mitral) valve
LEFT VENTRICLE
Cusp of right AV
(tricuspid) valve
Chordae tendineae
Papillary muscles
RIGHT VENTRICLE
Interventricular
septum
Trabeculae
carneae
Inferior vena cava

Moderator band
Descending aorta
Figure 20-6c The Sectional Anatomy of the Heart
Left coronary artery

branches (red)
and great cardiac
vein (blue)
Ascending aorta
Cusp of aortic valve
Inferior vena cava
Fossa ovalis
Cusp of left AV
(bicuspid) valve
Pectinate muscles
Chordae tendineae
Coronary sinus
RIGHT ATRIUM
Papillary muscles
Cusps of right AV
(tricuspid) valve
LEFT VENTRICLE
Interventricular
septum
Trabeculae carneae
RIGHT VENTRICLE
A frontal section, anterior view.


The Right Ventricle
Free edges attach to chordae tendineae from
papillary muscles of ventricle
Prevent valve from opening backward
Right atrioventricular (AV) valve
Also called tricuspid valve
Opening from right atrium to right ventricle
Has three cusps
Prevents backflow

The Right Ventricle
Trabeculae carneae
Muscular ridges on internal surface of right (and left)
ventricle
Includes moderator band
Ridge contains part of conducting system
Coordinates contractions of cardiac muscle cells
Figure 20-6b The Sectional Anatomy of the Heart
Chordae tendineae
Papillary muscles
The papillary muscles and chordae

tendinae supporting the right AV
(tricuspid) valve. The photograph
was taken from inside the right
ventricle, looking toward a light
shining from the right atrium.

The Pulmonary Circuit
Conus arteriosus (superior end of right ventricle)
leads to pulmonary trunk
Pulmonary trunk divides into left and right
pulmonary arteries
Blood flows from right ventricle to pulmonary trunk
through pulmonary valve
Pulmonary valve has three semilunar cusps

The Left Atrium
Blood gathers into left and right pulmonary veins
Pulmonary veins deliver to left atrium
Blood from left atrium passes to left ventricle through
left atrioventricular (AV) valve
A two-cusped bicuspid valve or mitral valve

The Left Ventricle
Holds same volume as right ventricle
Is larger; muscle is thicker and more powerful
Similar internally to right ventricle but does not have
moderator band

The Left Ventricle
Systemic circulation
Blood leaves left ventricle through aortic valve
into ascending aorta
Ascending aorta turns (aortic arch) and becomes
descending aorta
Figure 20-6c The Sectional Anatomy of the Heart
Left coronary artery

branches (red)
and great cardiac
vein (blue)
Ascending aorta
Cusp of aortic valve
Inferior vena cava
Fossa ovalis
Cusp of left AV
(bicuspid) valve
Pectinate muscles
Chordae tendineae
Coronary sinus
RIGHT ATRIUM
Papillary muscles
Cusps of right AV
(tricuspid) valve
LEFT VENTRICLE
Interventricular
septum
Trabeculae carneae
RIGHT VENTRICLE
A frontal section, anterior view.


Structural Differences between the Left and
Right Ventricles
Right ventricle wall is thinner, develops less pressure
than left ventricle
Right ventricle is pouch-shaped, left ventricle is round
ANIMATION The Heart: Heart Anatomy

Figure 20-7a Structural Differences between the Left and Right Ventricles
Posterior
Right
ventricle
Left
ventricle
Fat in anterior
A diagrammatic sectional view through the heart,

showing the relative thicknesses of the two ventricles.
Notice the pouchlike shape of the right ventricle and
the greater thickness of the left ventricle.
Figure 20-7b Structural Differences between the Left and Right Ventricles
Right
ventricle
Left
ventricle
Contracted
Dilated
Diagrammatic views of the ventricles just
before a contraction (dilated) and just after a
contraction (contracted).

The Heart Valves
Two pairs of one-way valves prevent backflow
during contraction
Atrioventricular (AV) valves
Between atria and ventricles
Blood pressure closes valve cusps during ventricular
contraction
Papillary muscles tense chordae tendineae to prevent
valves from swinging into atria

The Heart Valves
Semilunar valves
Pulmonary and aortic tricuspid valves
Prevent backflow from pulmonary trunk and aorta
into ventricles
Have no muscular support
Three cusps support like tripod
Figure 20-8a Valves of the Heart
Transverse Sections, Superior View,

Atria and Vessels Removed
POSTERIOR
Cardiac Left AV (bicuspid)
skeleton
valve (open)
Relaxed ventricles
RIGHT
VENTRICLE
LEFT
VENTRICLE
Right AV
(tricuspid)
valve (open)
Aortic valve
(closed)
ANTERIOR
Aortic valve closed
Pulmonary
valve (closed)
When the ventricles are relaxed, the AV valves

are open and the semilunar valves are closed.
The chordae tendineae are loose, and the
papillary muscles are relaxed.
Figure 20-8a Valves of the Heart
Frontal Sections through Left Atrium and Ventricle
Relaxed ventricles
Pulmonary
veins
LEFT
ATRIUM
Left AV (bicuspid)
valve (open)
Aortic valve
(closed)
Chordae
tendineae (loose)
Papillary muscles
(relaxed)
LEFT VENTRICLE
(relaxed and filling
with blood)
Figure 20-8b Valves of the Heart
Contracting ventricles
Cardiac
Right AV
(tricuspid) valve skeleton
(closed)
RIGHT
VENTRICLE
Left AV
(bicuspid) valve
(closed)
LEFT
VENTRICLE
Aortic valve
(open)
Pulmonary
valve (open)
Aortic valve open
When the ventricles are contracting, the

AV valves are closed and the semilunar
valves are open. In the frontal section
notice the attachment of the left AV valve
to the chordae tendineae and papillary
muscles.
Figure 20-8b Valves of the Heart
Aorta
Contracting ventricles
Aortic sinus
Aortic valve
(open)
LEFT
ATRIUM
Left AV (bicuspid)
valve (closed)
Chordae tendineae
(tense)
Papillary muscles
(contracted)
Left ventricle
(contracted)

The Blood Supply to the Heart
= Coronary circulation
Supplies blood to muscle tissue of heart
Coronary arteries and cardiac veins

The Coronary Arteries
Left and right
Originate at aortic sinuses
High blood pressure, elastic rebound forces blood
through coronary arteries between contractions

Right Coronary Artery
Supplies blood to:
Right atrium
Portions of both ventricles
Cells of sinoatrial (SA) and atrioventricular nodes
Marginal arteries (surface of right ventricle)
Posterior interventricular artery

Left Coronary Artery
Supplies blood to:
Left ventricle
Left atrium
Interventricular septum
Figure 20-10 Heart Disease and Heart Attacks
Narrowing of Artery
Normal Artery
Tunica
externa
Lipid deposit
of plaque
Tunica
media
Cross-section
Cross-section

Heart Disease - Coronary Artery Disease
Coronary artery disease (CAD)
Areas of partial or complete blockage of coronary
circulation
Cardiac muscle cells need a constant supply of

oxygen and nutrients
Reduction in blood flow to heart muscle produces a
corresponding reduction in cardiac performance
Reduced circulatory supply, coronary ischemia,
results from partial or complete blockage of coronary
arteries

Usual cause is formation of a fatty deposit, or
atherosclerotic plaque, in the wall of a coronary
vessel
The plaque, or an associated thrombus (clot), then
narrows the passageway and reduces blood flow
Spasms in smooth muscles of vessel wall can further
decrease or stop blood flow
One of the first symptoms of CAD is commonly
angina pectoris

Angina Pectoris
In its most common form, a temporary ischemia
develops when the workload of the heart increases
Although the individual may feel comfortable at rest,
exertion or emotional stress can produce a sensation of
pressure, chest constriction, and pain that may radiate
from the sternal area to the arms, back, and neck

Myocardial infarction (MI), or heart attack
Part of the coronary circulation becomes blocked, and
cardiac muscle cells die from lack of oxygen
The death of affected tissue creates a nonfunctional
area known as an infarct
Heart attacks most commonly result from severe
coronary artery disease (CAD)
20-2 The Conducting System

Heartbeat
A single contraction of the heart
The entire heart contracts in series
First the atria
Then the ventricles

Cardiac Physiology
Two Types of Cardiac Muscle Cells
1. Conducting system
Controls and coordinates heartbeat
2. Contractile cells
Produce contractions that propel blood

The Cardiac Cycle
Begins with action potential at SA node
Transmitted through conducting system
Produces action potentials in cardiac muscle cells
(contractile cells)
Electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG)

Electrical events in the cardiac cycle can be recorded
on an electrocardiogram

The Conducting System
A system of specialized cardiac muscle cells
Initiates and distributes electrical impulses that
stimulate contraction
Automaticity
Cardiac muscle tissue contracts automatically

Structures of the Conducting System
Sinoatrial (SA) node - wall of right atrium
Atrioventricular (AV) node - junction between atria
and ventricles
Conducting cells - throughout myocardium
Figure 20-11a The Conducting System of the Heart
Sinoatrial
(SA) node
Internodal
pathways
Atrioventricular
(AV) node
AV bundle
Bundle
branches
Purkinje
fibers
Components of the conducting

system

Heart Rate
SA node generates 80100 action potentials per
minute
Parasympathetic stimulation slows heart rate
AV node generates 4060 action potentials per
minute

The Sinoatrial (SA) Node
In posterior wall of right atrium
Contains pacemaker cells
Connected to AV node by internodal pathways
Begins atrial activation (Step 1)

The Atrioventricular (AV) Node
In floor of right atrium
Receives impulse from SA node (Step 2)
Delays impulse (Step 3)
Atrial contraction begins

Purkinje Fibers
Distribute impulse through ventricles (Step 5)
Atrial contraction is completed
Ventricular contraction begins

Abnormal Pacemaker Function
Bradycardia - abnormally slow heart rate
Tachycardia - abnormally fast heart rate
Ectopic pacemaker
Abnormal cells
Generate high rate of action potentials
Bypass conducting system
Disrupt ventricular contractions

The Electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG)
A recording of electrical events in the heart
Obtained by electrodes at specific body locations
Abnormal patterns diagnose damage

Features of an ECG
P wave
Atria depolarize
QRS complex
Ventricles depolarize
T wave
Ventricles repolarize

Time Intervals between ECG Waves
PR interval
From start of atrial depolarization
To start of QRS complex
QT interval
From ventricular depolarization
To ventricular repolarization
Figure 20-13a An Electrocardiogram
Electrode placement for

recording a standard ECG.
Figure 20-13b An Electrocardiogram
800 msec
P wave
(atria
depolarize)
T wave
(ventricles repolarize)
PR segment
ST
segment
Millivolts
PR
interval
Q S
ST
interval
QT
interval
QRS interval
(ventricles depolarize)
Figure 20-14 Cardiac Arrhythmias
Premature Atrial Contractions (PACs)

P
Paroxysmal Atrial Tachycardia (PAT)

P
Atrial Fibrillation (AF)
Figure 20-14 Cardiac Arrhythmias
Premature Ventricular Contractions (PVCs)

P
Ventricular Tachycardia (VT)

P
Ventricular Fibrillation (VF)
Figure 20-15a The Action Potential in Skeletal and Cardiac Muscle
Rapid Depolarization
The Plateau
Repolarization
Cause: Na entry
Duration: 35 msec
Ends with: Closure of
voltage-gated fast
sodium channels
Cause: Ca2+ entry

Duration: ~175 msec
Ends with: Closure
of slow calcium
channels
Cause: K+ loss
Duration: 75 msec
Ends with: Closure
of slow potassium
channels
mV
Absolute refractory
period
Stimulus
Relative
refractory
period
Time (msec)
Events in an action potential in a ventricular muscle

cell.
KEY
Absolute refractory
period
Relative refractory
period
20-3 The Cardiac Cycle

The Cardiac Cycle
Is the period between the start of one heartbeat
and the beginning of the next
Includes both contraction and relaxation
Two Phases of the Cardiac Cycle
Within any one chamber

1. Systole (contraction)
2. Diastole (relaxation)
Figure 20-16 Phases of the Cardiac Cycle
Start
0
800 msec
msec
100
msec
Cardiac
cycle
370
msec

Blood Pressure
In any chamber
Rises during systole
Falls during diastole
Blood flows from high to low pressure

Controlled by timing of contractions
Directed by one-way valves

Cardiac Cycle and Heart Rate
At 75 beats per minute (bpm)
Cardiac cycle lasts about 800 msec
When heart rate increases

All phases of cardiac cycle shorten, particularly diastole
Phases of the Cardiac Cycle
Atrial systole
Atrial diastole
Ventricular systole
Ventricular diastole

Atrial Systole
1. Atrial systole
Atrial contraction begins
Right and left AV valves are open
2. Atria eject blood into ventricles
Filling ventricles
3. Atrial systole ends
AV valves close
Ventricles contain maximum blood volume
Known as end-diastolic volume (EDV)

Ventricular Systole
4. Ventricles contract and build pressure
AV valves close cause isovolumetric contraction
5. Ventricular ejection
Ventricular pressure exceeds vessel pressure opening the
semilunar valves and allowing blood to leave the ventricle
Amount of blood ejected is called the stroke volume (SV)

Ventricular Systole
6. Ventricular pressure falls
Semilunar valves close
Ventricles contain end-systolic volume (ESV), about 40%
of end-diastolic volume
Figure 20-17 Pressure and Volume Relationships in the Cardiac Cycle

ATRIAL
ATRIAL
DIASTOLE SYSTOLE
VENTRICULAR
DIASTOLE
ATRIAL DIASTOLE
VENTRICULAR
SYSTOLE
Aortic valve
opens
Aorta
Pressure
(mm Hg)
Atrial contraction begins.

Atria eject blood into ventricles.
Atrial systole ends; AV valves close.
Left
ventricle
Isovolumetric ventricular contraction.

Ventricular ejection occurs.
Semilunar valves close.
Left AV
valve closes
Left atrium
Isovolumetric relaxation occurs.

AV valves open; passive ventricular
filling occurs.
Left
ventricular
volume (mL)
End-diastolic
volume
Stroke
volume
Time (msec)

Ventricular Diastole
7. Ventricular diastole
Ventricular pressure is higher than atrial pressure
All heart valves are closed
Ventricles relax (isovolumetric relaxation)
8. Atrial pressure is higher than ventricular pressure
AV valves open
Passive atrial filling
Passive ventricular filling
Figure 20-17 Pressure and Volume Relationships in the Cardiac Cycle

ATRIAL
SYSTOLE
ATRIAL DIASTOLE
VENTRICULAR
SYSTOLE
VENTRICULAR DIASTOLE
Aortic valve
closes
Dicrotic
notch
Atrial contraction begins.
Pressure
(mm Hg)
Atria eject blood into ventricles.

Atrial systole ends; AV valves close.
Isovolumetric ventricular contraction.
Ventricular ejection occurs.
Semilunar valves close.
Left
ventricular
volume (mL)
Left AV
valve opens
End-systolic
volume
Time (msec)
Isovolumetric relaxation occurs.

AV valves open; passive ventricular
filling occurs.

Heart Sounds
S1
Loud sounds
Produced by AV valves
S2
Loud sounds
Produced by semilunar valves
ANIMATION The Heart: Cardiac Cycle


S3, S4
Soft sounds
Blood flow into ventricles and atrial contraction
Heart Murmur
Sounds produced by regurgitation through valves
Figure 20-18a Heart Sounds
Sounds heard
Valve location
Aortic
valve
Valve location
Sounds heard
Pulmonary
valve
Sounds heard
Valve location
Left
AV
valve
Valve location
Sounds heard
Right
AV
valve
Placements of a stethoscope for

listening to the different sounds
produced by individual valves
Figure 20-18b Heart Sounds
Semilunar
valves close
Pressure
(mm Hg)
Semilunar
valves open
Aort
a
Left
ventricle
Left
atrium
AV valves
open
AV valves
close
S1
S4
S2
Heart sounds
Lubb
S3
Dubb
The relationship between heart sounds and key events in the

cardiac cycle
S4
Figure 20-21 Autonomic Innervation of the Heart

Vagal nucleus
Cardioinhibitory
center
Cardioacceleratory
center
Medulla
oblongata
Vagus (N X)
Spinal cord
Sympathetic
Sympathetic
ganglia (cervical
ganglia and
superior thoracic
ganglia [T1T4])
Sympathetic
preganglionic
fiber
Sympathetic
postganglionic fiber
Cardiac nerve
Parasympathetic
Parasympathetic
preganglionic
fiber
Synapses in
cardiac plexus
Parasympathetic
postganglionic
fibers
20-4 Cardiodynamics
Hormonal Effects on Heart Rate
Increase heart rate (by sympathetic stimulation of
SA node)
Epinephrine (E)
Norepinephrine (NE)
Thyroid hormone

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PowerPoint Lecture Presentations prepared by

2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

An Introduction to the Cardiovascular System

The Systemic Circuit

2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

An Introduction to the Cardiovascular System

Carry blood away from heart

Carry blood to heart

Networks between arteries and veins

2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

An Introduction to the Cardiovascular System

2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 20-1 An Overview of the Cardiovascular System

An Introduction to the Cardiovascular System

Collects blood from systemic circuit

Pumps blood to pulmonary circuit

Collects blood from pulmonary circuit

Pumps blood to systemic circuit

2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

20-1 Anatomy of the Heart

2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 20-2a The Location of the Heart in the Thoracic Cavity

First rib (cut)

2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

20-1 Anatomy of the Heart

2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

20-1 Anatomy of the Heart

2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 20-2b The Location of the Heart in the Thoracic Cavity

Aorta (arch segment removed)

Right pleural cavity

Left pleural cavity

Left pulmonary vein

Right pulmonary artery

Right pulmonary vein

Superior vena cava

2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 20-2c The Location of the Heart in the Thoracic Cavity

2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

20-1 Anatomy of the Heart

2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 20-3a The Superficial Anatomy of the Heart

Left subclavian artery

Fat and vessels

Major anatomical features on the anterior surface.

2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 20-3a The Superficial Anatomy of the Heart

Major anatomical features on the anterior surface.

Figure 20-3b The Superficial Anatomy of the Heart

Left pulmonary artery

Left pulmonary veins

Fat and vessels in posterior

Major landmarks on the posterior surface. Coronary

Figure 20-3c The Superficial Anatomy of the Heart

Heart position relative to the rib cage.

20-1 Anatomy of the Heart

2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

20-1 Anatomy of the Heart

Covers the heart

2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

20-1 Anatomy of the Heart

Muscular wall of the heart