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Secondary consumers
prey on primary
consumers.
DaurKarbon
di alam
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
Why are
plants
green?
A Red Object absorbs the blue and green wavelengths and reflects the red wavelengths
2 types of chlorophyll
Chlorophyll a involved in light
reactions
Chlorophyll b assists in capturing
light energy accessory pigment
Carotenoids accessory pigments
captures more light energy
Red, orange & yellow
Accessory
pigments
Where does
photosynthesis
take place?
Plants
Mainly occurs in the leaves:
a. stoma - pores
b.mesophyll cells
Mesophyll
Cell
Chloroplast
Stoma
Stomata (stoma)
Pores in a plants cuticle through which
water vapor and gases (CO2 & O2)
are exchanged between the plant and
the atmosphere.
Stoma
Carbon Dioxide
(CO2)
Guard Cell
Oxygen
(O2)
Guard Cell
Chloroplast
Central Vacuole
Chloroplast
Organelle where photosynthesis takes place.
Stroma
Outer Membrane
Inner Membrane
Thylakoid
Granum
Parts
chloroplasts double membrane organelle that
absorbs light energy
Thylakoids flattened sacs contain pigment chlorophyll
Grana (pl: granum) layered thylakoids (like
pancakes)
Stroma solution around thylakoids
Stomata pore on underside of leaf where O 2 is
released and CO2 enters
Thylakoid
Thylakoid Membrane
Granum
Thylakoid Space
energi sinar
6CO2 + 6H2O
6O2
C6H12O6 +
Chlorophyll in photosystems
absorb light energy and
release electrons
Chlorophyll
Photosynthesis occurs in
chloroplasts
Oxidation Reaction
The loss of electrons from a
substance or the gain of oxygen.
Oxidation
6CO2 + 6H2O
Carbon
dioxide
C6H12O6 + 6O2
glucose
Water
Oxygen
Reduction Reaction
The gain of electrons to a
substance or the loss of oxygen.
Reduction
Chlorophyll :
The amount of chlorophyll present has
a direct relationship witth the rate of
photosynthesis because this pigment
which is photoreceptive and is
directly involved in trapping light
energy .
Concept of limiting
factors :
This known as law of limiting factors or law of
minimum shown by Blackman (1905): when a
process is conditioned as to its rapidity by a
number of separate factors, the rate of the
process is limited by the pace of slowest factor
Chemosynthesis
When plants utilise light energy to reduce carbon dioxide to
carbohydrates photosynthetic autotrophs.
When organisms utilise chemical energy released during
biological oxidation of certain inorganic substances to reduce
carbon dioxide to carbohydrate chemosynthetic
autotrophs.
Many colourless bacteria use chemical energy to reduce carbon
dioxide for carbohydrate synthesis chemosynthesis.
the method of carbon assimilation when the reduction of
CO2 is carried out in darkness, utilising the energy obtained
from oxidations of inorganic substances.
(i) Nitrifying bacteria. Nitrosomonas oxidises NH3 to
NO2
(ii) Sulphur bacteria
(iii) Iron bacteria
(iv) Hydrogen and methane bacteria