Numerical Techniques

Rate of Change

-5

Rate of temperature change, degrees/hour

-4.5
-4
-3.5
-3
-2.5
-2
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0

0.5

1.5

2.5

time, hour

3.5

4.5

Fit of Water Flow

60

Data
Linear Fit
Quadratic Fit
Cubic Fit

50

200

Flow Rate, CFS

Chapter 12

100

40
30
20

300

10

400
500

100

200

300

400

500

0
-10

3
Water Height, ft

MATLAB for Engineers 2E, by Holly Moore. 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.
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Section 12.2
Curve Fitting

Rate of Change

-5

Rate of temperature change, degrees/hour

-4.5
-4
-3.5
-3
-2.5
-2
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0

0.5

1.5

2.5

time, hour

3.5

4.5

100

200
300
400
500

100

200

300

400

500

There is scatter in all collected

data
We can estimate the equation that
represents the data by
eyeballing a graph
There will be points that do not fall
on the line we estimate
MATLAB for Engineers 2E, by Holly Moore. 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.
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Rate of Change

-5

Rate of temperature change, degrees/hour

-4.5
-4
-3.5
-3
-2.5
-2
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0

0.5

1.5

2.5

time, hour

3.5

4.5

100

200
300
400
500

100

200

300

400

500

This line is just a best guess

MATLAB for Engineers 2E, by Holly Moore. 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.
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Least Squares

Rate of Change

-5

Rate of temperature change, degrees/hour

-4.5
-4
-3.5
-3
-2.5
-2
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0

0.5

1.5

2.5

time, hour

3.5

4.5

100

200
300
400
500

100

200

300

400

500

Finds the best fit straight line

Minimizes the amount each point
is away from the line
Its possible none of the points will
fall on the line
Linear Regression
MATLAB for Engineers 2E, by Holly Moore. 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.
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Polynomial Regression

Rate of Change

-5

Rate of temperature change, degrees/hour

-4.5
-4
-3.5
-3
-2.5
-2
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0

0.5

1.5

2.5

time, hour

3.5

4.5

100

200
300
400
500

100

200

300

400

500

Linear Regression finds a straight

line, which is a first order
polynomial
If the data doesnt represent a
straight line, a polynomial of
higher order may be a better fit

MATLAB for Engineers 2E, by Holly Moore. 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.
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Rate of Change

-5

Rate of temperature change, degrees/hour

-4.5
-4
-3.5
-3
-2.5
-2
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0

0.5

1.5

2.5

time, hour

3.5

4.5

100

In MATLAB you do both linear

and polynomial regression the
same way the only difference is
the order

200
300
400
500

100

200

300

400

500

MATLAB for Engineers 2E, by Holly Moore. 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.
This material is is protected by Copyright and written permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval
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polyfit and polyval

Rate of Change

-5

Rate of temperature change, degrees/hour

-4.5
-4
-3.5
-3
-2.5
-2
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0

0.5

1.5

2.5

time, hour

3.5

4.5

100

200
300
400
500

100

200

300

400

500

polyfit finds the coefficients of a

polynomial representing the data
polyval uses those coefficients to
find new values of y, that
correspond to the known values
of x

MATLAB for Engineers 2E, by Holly Moore. 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.
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Coefficients of the
first order
polynomial
describing the best
fit line

Rate of Change

-5

Rate of temperature change, degrees/hour

-4.5
-4
-3.5
-3
-2.5
-2
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0

0.5

1.5

2.5

time, hour

3.5

4.5

y 2.9143* x 14.2857

100

200
300
400
500

100

200

300

400

500

MATLAB for Engineers 2E, by Holly Moore. 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.
This material is is protected by Copyright and written permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval
system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. For information regarding permission(s), write
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Rate of Change

-5

Rate of temperature change, degrees/hour

-4.5
-4

Linear Regression
(First Order)

-3.5
-3
-2.5
-2
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0

0.5

1.5

2.5

time, hour

3.5

4.5

100

200
300
400
500

100

200

300

Evaluate how close a fit

youve achieved by taking
the difference between
the measured and
calculated points, and
adding them up

400

500

MATLAB for Engineers 2E, by Holly Moore. 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.
This material is is protected by Copyright and written permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval
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Rate of Change

-5

Second Order Fit

Rate of temperature change, degrees/hour

-4.5
-4
-3.5
-3
-2.5
-2
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0

0.5

1.5

2.5

time, hour

3.5

4.5

100

200
300
400
500

100

200

300

400

500

MATLAB for Engineers 2E, by Holly Moore. 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.
This material is is protected by Copyright and written permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval
system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. For information regarding permission(s), write
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A fifth order polynomial gives a perfect fit

to 6 points

Rate of Change

-5

Rate of temperature change, degrees/hour

-4.5
-4
-3.5
-3
-2.5
-2
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0

0.5

1.5

2.5

time, hour

3.5

4.5

100

200
300
400
500

100

200

300

400

500

MATLAB for Engineers 2E, by Holly Moore. 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.
This material is is protected by Copyright and written permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval
system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. For information regarding permission(s), write
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Improve your graph by adding more

points

Rate of Change

-5

Rate of temperature change, degrees/hour

-4.5
-4
-3.5
-3
-2.5
-2
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0

0.5

1.5

2.5

time, hour

3.5

4.5

100

200
300
400
500

100

200

300

400

500

MATLAB for Engineers 2E, by Holly Moore. 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.
This material is is protected by Copyright and written permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval
system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. For information regarding permission(s), write
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Section 12.3
Using the Interactive Curve Fitting
Tools

Rate of Change

-5

Rate of temperature change, degrees/hour

-4.5
-4
-3.5
-3
-2.5
-2
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0

0.5

1.5

2.5

time, hour

3.5

4.5

100

200
300
400
500

100

200

300

400

500

MATLAB 7 includes new interactive

plotting tools.
They allow you to annotate your plots,
without using the command window.
They include
basic curve fitting,
more complicated curve fitting
statistical tools
MATLAB for Engineers 2E, by Holly Moore. 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.
This material is is protected by Copyright and written permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval
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Use the curve fitting tools

Rate of Change

-5

Rate of temperature change, degrees/hour

-4.5
-4
-3.5
-3
-2.5
-2
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0

0.5

1.5

2.5

time, hour

3.5

4.5

100

Create a graph
Making sure that the figure
window is the active window
select

200
300
400
500

100

200

300

400

500

Tools-> Basic Fitting

The basic fitting window will open on
top of the plot
MATLAB for Engineers 2E, by Holly Moore. 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.
This material is is protected by Copyright and written permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval
system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. For information regarding permission(s), write
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Rate of Change

-5

Rate of temperature change, degrees/hour

-4.5
-4
-3.5
-3
-2.5
-2
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0

0.5

1.5

2.5

time, hour

3.5

4.5

100

200
300
400
500

100

200

300

400

500

MATLAB for Engineers 2E, by Holly Moore. 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.
This material is is protected by Copyright and written permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval
system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. For information regarding permission(s), write
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120

Rate of Change

-5

Some Data

-4

100

-3.5
-3
-2.5
-2
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0

0.5

1.5

2.5

time, hour

3.5

4.5

Temperature, degrees F

Rate of temperature change, degrees/hour

-4.5

80

y = 21*x + 3.8

y = 1.1*x 3 - 9.3*x 2 + 41*x - 3.1

60
data 1
linear
cubic

40
20

100

200
300

-20
-1

400
500

100

200

300

400

500

2
3
4
Time, seconds

Plot generated using the Basic Fitting Window

MATLAB for Engineers 2E, by Holly Moore. 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.
This material is is protected by Copyright and written permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval
system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. For information regarding permission(s), write
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Some Data

120

Temperature, degrees F

100
Rate of Change

-5

Rate of temperature change, degrees/hour

-4.5
-4
-3.5
-3
-2.5
-2
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0

0.5

1.5

2.5

time, hour

3.5

4.5

80

y = 21*x + 3.8

y = 1.1*x 3 - 9.3*x 2 + 41*x - 3.1

60
40
20
0
-20
-1

3
Time,seconds

residuals
10
5

100

200

300

-5

400
500

100

200

300

400

500

-10
0

0.5

1.5

2.5

3.5

4.5

Residuals are the difference between the actual and calculated data
points
MATLAB for Engineers 2E, by Holly Moore. 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.
This material is is protected by Copyright and written permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval
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Rate of Change

-5

Rate of temperature change, degrees/hour

-4.5
-4
-3.5
-3
-2.5
-2
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0

0.5

1.5

2.5

time, hour

3.5

4.5

100

200
300
400
500

100

200

300

400

500

Basic Fitting Window

MATLAB for Engineers 2E, by Holly Moore. 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.
This material is is protected by Copyright and written permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval
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You can also access the

data statistics window
from the figure menu bar.

Rate of Change

-5

Rate of temperature change, degrees/hour

-4.5
-4
-3.5
-3
-2.5

Select

-2
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0

0.5

1.5

2.5

time, hour

3.5

4.5

Tools->Data Statistics

from the figure window.

100

200
300
400
500

Data Statistics Window

100

200

300

400

500

This window allows you

to calculate statistical
functions interactively,
such as mean and
standard deviation,
based on the data in the
figure, and allows you to
save the results to the
workspace.

MATLAB for Engineers 2E, by Holly Moore. 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.
This material is is protected by Copyright and written permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval
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Curve Fitting Toolbox

Rate of Change

-5

Rate of temperature change, degrees/hour

-4.5
-4
-3.5
-3
-2.5
-2
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0

0.5

1.5

2.5

time, hour

3.5

4.5

100

200
300
400
500

100

200

300

400

500

An optional toolbox that allows

more sophisticated curve fitting
It must be installed on your
computer
To open type
cftool

MATLAB for Engineers 2E, by Holly Moore. 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.
This material is is protected by Copyright and written permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval
system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. For information regarding permission(s), write
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Rate of Change

-5

Rate of temperature change, degrees/hour

-4.5
-4
-3.5
-3
-2.5
-2
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0

0.5

1.5

2.5

time, hour

3.5

4.5

100

200
300
400
500

100

200

300

400

500

Choose the data you want to plot and analyze in the

Curve Fitting and Data Windows
MATLAB for Engineers 2E, by Holly Moore. 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.
This material is is protected by Copyright and written permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval
system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. For information regarding permission(s), write
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Rate of Change

-5

Rate of temperature change, degrees/hour

-4.5
-4
-3.5
-3
-2.5
-2
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0

0.5

1.5

2.5

time, hour

3.5

4.5

100

200
300
400
500

100

200

300

400

500

Curve Fitting Windows

MATLAB for Engineers 2E, by Holly Moore. 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.
This material is is protected by Copyright and written permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval
system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. For information regarding permission(s), write
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US Population Data

-5

pop vs. cdate

fit 1
fit 2

250

Rate of Change

-4
-3.5
-3
-2.5

200

-2
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0

0.5

1.5

2.5

time, hour

3.5

4.5

Population, in millions

Rate of temperature change, degrees/hour

-4.5

150

100

50

100

200
300

400
500

100

200

300

400

500

1800

1820

1840

1860

1880 1900 1920

Census Year

1940

1960

1980

This plot of US Census Data was created using the

cftool interactive modeling capability
MATLAB for Engineers 2E, by Holly Moore. 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.
This material is is protected by Copyright and written permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval
system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. For information regarding permission(s), write
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