SOAPS AND

DETERGENTS
Ashwanth Subramanian
Chemical Technology
Faculty In-charge
Mr. P.L. Muralidhara, Assistant Professor

Department of Chemical Engineering

RV College of Engineering

Introduction
Alkali salts of fatty acids.
Ex of acids: oleic, steric,
palmitic, lauric, myristic
acids.
Ex of alkyl element: Na, K

Synthetic organic
chemicals which promote
better surface tension
lowering than the soaps.
They act in hard water
Insoluble compounds with
Ca2+ and Mg2+
3 Types: Anionic, Cationic,
Non-ionic
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Reaction in saponification
process

Soaps
Categorisation of Soap
General
toilet soaps
bathing soap
specialty soap like baby
soap
transparent( soap with
high glycerine content)
Herbal soap
antibacterial soap

BIS standards based of

%TFM
Grade I ( Minimum 76%)
Grade II(minimum 70%)
Grade III(minimum 60%)
bathing bar (minimum
TFM 40%)

Methods of Manufacturing Soap

Batch Saponification Process
Continuous Hydrolysis and Saponification Process

Raw Materials for

manufacturing
soap
Soaps are commonly made from fats and oil and sodium

hydroxide .
Common Oils used :palm oil, coconut oil, caster oil, neem oil,
kernel oil, ground nut oil, ricebran oil and animal fat especially
tallow.
Tallow :mysteric acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid, oleic acid,
linoleic acid.
Coconut oil :lauric acid, mysteric acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid.
Normally 75-85% tallow and 15-25 % coconut oil is used in soap
making.
For saponification, caustic lye (50% caustic soda) is used.
Talc-filler and carrier for perfume, fragrance.
Sodium silicate to give firmness to the soap, sodium carbonate,
dyes to impart colour.
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Water Vapour or Steam

Jet Ejector (To Create Vacuum)

Steam
Flash
Tank

Fat
Catalyst

Waste

15-20%
Glycerine
Impurities

Holding tank

Hydrolizer
230-250oC 40-45atms

Hot
Water
(Steam)

Fatty Acid

Vapour
High Vacuum
Still

Fatty
Acid

NaOH

C
To Collecting
Tank

Fatty Acid
Product

Mixer
Blender

(Noodles
Form)

Bar stock
Presses

Soap to Final
Products

Spray Dryer
Chipping For Soap
Rolls
Powder

Continuous Process for Manufacturing Soap

Detergents
Raw Materials For
Manufacturing Detergents

Surfactants
A compound that affects the surface tension when
dissolved in water or affects the interfacial tension
between two liquids.
The increase the wetting ability of water so that it can
penetrate the fabric more easily.
Thoroughly wet the dirt and article being washed in
solution
Removes the dirt from the surface
Maintains the dirt in a stable solution
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Suds Regulators
Required for surfactant to do its job efficiently

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Additives
Corrosion Inhibitors: Sodium silicate protects metal and
washer parts, utensils and dishes from action of
detergents. Benzotriazole: protect German silver.
Carboxymethyl cellulose: Anti-redeposition agent.
Carbanilides, salicylanides and cationics: Antimicrobial
Agents
Fabric Brightner are fluorescent dyes used to make
fabric look brighter. (UV Visible)
Bluing improves the whiteness of fabric.
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Builders
Boost detergent power
More powerful than water softeners
Prevent re-deposition of soil from wash water on fabrics
Ex: Sodium Tri polyphosphate, Tetra sodium
pyrophosphate
Others include Citrates, Carbonates, silicates, zeolites

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Methods of Manufacturing
Detergents
Sulfated fatty alchohols
Alkyl-Aryl Sulfonates

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mplified Continuous flowchart

Stack
r the production of heavy-duty
etergent granules

Cyclone

Silicate
Phosphate
Surfactant Storage

Dry Scrap

Screen

Spray Tower

Cyclones

Filter

Crutcher

Air Lift

Neutralizer
SulfonatorSulfator
AB

FA

Oleum Oleum

Perfume

Mixer

Furnace
Surge
Tank

To packing

Cooler
Drop
Tank

H.P
Pump
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