Documentos de Académico
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Class 12
Rev. 19-Feb-06 GB
12-1
F Fnet
Fnet
m a or a
m
The net force and acceleration are always in the same direction because
m is a positive number.
Acceleration is the rate of any change in the velocity vector either
magnitude (speed) or direction, or both.
Todays lecture and activity will stretch our understanding of
acceleration and Newtons Second Law for a special type of motion.
12-2
circumference 2 r
period
T
2r
T
v
12-3
That means the object has a non-zero acceleration even if it moves at constant speed.
12-4
v
a
12-5
r
12-6
Centripetal Force
Centrifugal Force
Centripetal force and centrifugal force are two of the most
unnecessary and confusing concepts in introductory physics.
Centripetal force is the net force on any object in circular motion.
Centrifugal force is a result of measuring the displacement of an
object relative to an accelerated (rotating) observer.
In this course, we will never refer to centripetal or centrifugal force.
We will refer only to actual physical forces such as gravity.
It will never be correct to answer any question using centripetal
force or centrifugal force. Instead, use centripetal acceleration and
Newtons Second Law as measured by a non-accelerating observer.
12-7
Example:
A Rock on a String
Twirl a 1 kg rock attached to a string in a 1 m radius vertical
circle. The speed is 4 m/sec. What forces act on the rock and
what are the directions of those forces?
12-8
12-9
Case A:
Rock at the Top of the Circle
The center of the circle is below the rock, so acceleration is down.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
2
v
6. Solve: T m a W m a m g m
g
r
W = mg
T = 1 (16/19.8) = 6.2 N.
W = 9.8 N.
12-10
Case B:
Rock at the Bottom of the Circle
The center of the circle is above the rock, so acceleration is up.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
v2
6. Solve: T m a W m a m g m
g
r
T = 1 (16/1+9.8) = 25.8 N.
W = 9.8 N.
a
T
W = mg
12-11
Floor
Elevator Cab
12-12
Class #12
Take-Away Concepts
1.
2.
v2
a
r
3.
12-13
Class #12
Problems of the Day
___ 1.
12-14
Class #12
Problems of the Day
2. The space shuttle Atlantis is in a circular orbit 100. km (1.00 x 105 m)
above the surface of the earth. (This is an example of uniform circular
motion.) At this height, the constant of gravity is g = 9.53 N/kg. The
radius of the earth is 6.37 x 106 m. How long (in minutes) does it take for
the shuttle Atlantis to complete one orbit?
12-15
Activity #12
Ferris Wheel Thrill Ride
Objectives of the Activity:
1.
2.
3.
12-16
Feel a force
this way.
12-17
Accelerated Frames of
Reference
Newtons Second Law applies to an inertial reference frame, meaning a
reference system for measuring position and time that is not accelerating.
If we wish to use Newtons Second Law in an accelerating reference frame,
we need to add extra terms to the equation that can be considered as forces
operating on every object that we track using the accelerating reference
frame. These are commonly called inertial forces.
Why would we do a crazy thing like using an accelerated reference frame
instead of an inertial reference frame? In a way, it is built into human
nature to view ourselves as sitting still while the rest of the universe zips by.
It is often a convenient way to calculate things as long as we are careful.
12-18
F m A F m a0 m R 2 m V m R
#1
#2
#3
#4
Dont worry about understanding the details of this equation. The important
thing is that each term represents a different type of inertial force.
1.
2.
3.
4.
This term is due to linear (in a straight line) acceleration of the reference
frame. For example, in a car if you slam on the brakes (acceleration to the
rear), it feels like everything in the car is thrown forward.
Centrifugal force this term is due to rotation of the reference frame.
Coriolis force this term is due to moving in a rotating reference frame.
If you ever tried to walk down the aisle of a train as it rounded a curve,
you experienced this force.
This term is due to acceleration of the rotation of a reference frame. If you
are riding on a merry-go-round, you need to hold on tighter as it starts up.
12-19
Discussion
Swinging a Water Bucket Overhead
Take a sturdy water bucket full of water and swing
it in a circle over your head. What will the water do
if
1.
2.
3.
12-20