INTRODUCTION TO

LETTERING, DIMENSIONING
, PROJECTION OF POINTS

DRAWING PAPER

Drawing paper should be thick, smooth, strong and uniform in thickness.

Fibres of the drawing should be worn out while using a good eraser.

BIS has recommended the use of standard size drawing papers :-

LETTERING AND DIMENSIONING

PRACTICES

These are recommended by BIS SP:46:2003

The correct shape and size of the object can be visualized from the understanding
of not only its views, but also from various types of lines, dimensions, scale etc.

For general classroom work, we use A2 size drawing.

TITLE BLOCK

Title block should be on bottom right hand corner of the drawing sheet.

The title block can have maximum of 170mm length and 65mm height.

A typical title block for classroom work is shown for reference.

DRAWING SHEET LAYOUT (IS 10711:2001)

FOLDING OF DRAWING SHEETS (IS 11664:1999)

IS specified two methods for folding drawing sheets One suitable for filing and
other method for keeping files in cabinets

It is important to note that, in both types of folding, the Title block should always
be visible.

LINES (IS 10714 (Part 20): 2001 & SP 46:2003)

LETTERING (IS 9609 (PART 0) & SP 46:2003

Main features of lettering legibility, uniformity and rapidity of execution

Generally, lettering should be done freehand .

SINGLE STROKE LETTERS It means, that the thickness of the letter should
be as uniform as if obtained from one stroke of the pencil.

Types of stroke letters :-

Type A (i) Vertical and Sloped (75o to horizontal ) and

Type B (i) Vertical and Sloped (75o to horizontal )

Generally, vertical letters are preferred for easy and fast execution.

LETTERING

Letters in drawing must be in capitals (Upper case letters)

Lower case letters are used for abbreviations like mm, cm etc.

Size of letters:- Standard height for CAPITAL letters and numerals

recommended by BIS are given below :1.8, 2.5, 3.5, 5, 6, 10, 14 and 20mm

Guidelines :- In order to obtain correct and uniform height, of letters and

numerals, guidelines are drawn (using 2H pencil) with light pressure.

CLASSWORK TO DO :
1. Write freehand the following, using single stroke vertical (CAPITAL and
lowercase) letters :
a) Alphabets (Upper case and lower case) and Numerals 0 to 9 (h = 10 mm)
b) ENGINEERING GRAPHICS IS THE LANGUAGE
OF ENGINEERS (h = 5mm)
c) PRACTICE MAKES A PERSON PERFECT ( h = 3.5mm)

PROJECTION OF POINTS
ENGINEERING DRAWING

INTRODUCTION :

An object is represented by drawing the boundaries of all the surfaces of the object.

The boundary of a surface may be made up of straight lines or curved lines or both. As
each curve or straight line is logically made up of number of points, the theory of
orthographic projections starts with projection of points.

When planes of projection are extended beyond their line of intersection, they form FOUR
QUADRANTS

Reference Line XY

ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTION TOP VIEW AND BOTTOM

VIEW

FIRST ANGLE PROJECTION :

When the object is situated in First Quadrant, i.e. in front of V.P.

and above H.P., then the projections on these planes obtained are
called First Angle Projection.

The front view is drawn above XY plane and the top view,
below XY plane.

In front view, H.P coincides with XY plane and in top view, V.P
coincides with XY plane.

Third Angle Projection :- The object is situated in 3rd Quadrant. The front view
comes below XY plane, and top view above XY plane.

BIS recommends the use of first angle projections in line with ISO specifications
all around the world.

Positions of points in space:-

NOTATIONS TO BE FOLLOWED :1. Actual points in space are to be denoted by

capital letters i.e. A,B,C .
2. Their front views are denoted by
corresponding lower case letters with dashes
a,b,c and their top views by a,b,c
3. Projectors are drawn as continuous thin lines.

EXAMPLE FOR FIRST ANGLE PROJECTION :-

EXAMPLE FOR THIRD ANGLE PROJECTION :-

Classwork to do :1.

Four points in a plane are in such a way that,

Point A is 20 above H.P and 30 in front of V.P, Point B is 20 above H.P and 30 behind V.P ,
Point C is 20 below H.P and 30 behind V.P , Point D is 20 below H.P and 30 in front of V.P.
Draw the projections for each of the points on reference line XY.

2. A point P is 20 above H.P, 25 in front of V.P, and 30 in front of P.P (Profile Plane). Draw the
front, top and side views of the point.
3. A point A is 15 above H.P and 20 in front of V.P. Another point B is 25 behind H.P and 40 below
V.P. Draw the projections of A and B, keeping the distance between projectors equal to 90 .
Draw the straight lines joining top views and front views

Classwork to do :4. A point at 25 above the reference plane xy is in the front view of two points A and B.
The top view of A is 40 behind V.P and the top view of B is 50 in front of V.P.
Draw the projections of the points and state their positions relative to the planes of
projection and the quadrants in which they lie.
5. A point A is 20 above H.P and is in first quadrant. Its shortest distance from the
reference line XY is 40. Draw the projections of the point and determine the distance
from V.P.