The Police and Law Enforcement

Police History, Styles, & Issues

Dimetrius Nash
CJA/204
27 January 2014
Keith Bailly

Timeline of Historical Development

Political Era (1840s-1930s)

Professional Era (1930s-1970s)
Community Model Era (1970s-Present)

Three Historical Eras of American Policing

Political Policing Era1840s-1930s
Characterized by decentralized policing, service
orientation and corruption
Professional Policing Era1930s-1970s
Characterized by elimination of political influence,
higher personnel standards, scientific management
principles, military style organization and creation of
specialized units
Community Policing Era1970s-present
Characterized by greater sensitivity to needs of
community, mandated by Supreme Court and cultural
changes taking place in society

Timeline of Historical Development

Political Era (1840-1920)
Close ties between police and political machines
Function as watchman keep troublesome classes under
control
Broad discretion for beat cops

Professional Era (1920-1970)

Progressive reform movement
Two primary goals
Break link between police and politics
Make police more professional and improve services to poor

Timeline of Historical Development

Community Model Era (1970-Present)
Problem solving is best done at the neighborhood
level, not in some distant headquarters. Locally
situated police working with residents are a good
problem-solving team.
Broken windows thesis

Styles Of Policing
Watchman Style
Legalistic Style
Service Style

Styles Of Policing
Watchman Style:
order maintenance
controlling illegal and

disruptive behavior
considerable use of
discretion

Styles Of Policing
Legalistic Style:
committed to enforcing

the letter of the law

laissez-faire policing

Styles Of Policing
Service Style:
reflect the needs of

the community
work with social services
and assist communities
in solving problems

Department of Homeland Security

The Department of Homeland Security has six law
enforcement agencies under its jurisdiction:

U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS)

U.S. Coast Guard (USCG)
U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP)
U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE)
U.S. Secret Service (USSS)
Transportation Security Administration (TSA)

Department of Homeland Security

Responsibilities:
U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS)
According to "Fas.org" (2008), USCIS, in coordination with I&A, will provide centralized
information support and will coordinate with state and local fusion centers (SLFCs), law
enforcement, and IC requests for immigration documentation and information. USCIS
provides subject-matter expertise on immigration and naturalization issues, and is the records
custodian of more than 60 million alien files that contain biographical, family, and other data
on aliens who seek U.S. immigration benefits. USCISs Fraud Detection and National
Security (FDNS) will facilitate, manage and oversee the sharing of immigration benefit
information and the collaboration between USCIS and SLFCs. This USCIS support to SLFCs
will be achieved through FDNS Officers who are deployed in USCISs field offices
throughout the United States, and are the Subject Matter Experts for ICEs Immigration
Benefit Fraud Task Forces (IBFTFs), as well as local JTTFs and other law enforcement and
intelligence agencies. (p. 25).

Department of Homeland Security

Responsibilities:
U.S. Coast Guard (USCG)
According to "Fas.org" (2008), USCG will interact with SLFCs through Coast Guard field
units. These interactions primarily involve matters within Coast Guard jurisdiction in
port/coastal areas and may extend to the part-time, temporary, or rotational assignment of
personnel in fusion centers. USCG will continue to coordinate activities within the
Department and with Governors, their Homeland Security Advisors, law enforcement
partners, critical infrastructure operators, and SLFCs. (p. 24-25).

Department of Homeland Security

Responsibilities:
U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP)
According to "Fas.org" (2008), CBP will interact primarily with SLFCs in border states
through CBP field elements or the placement of its Officers, Border Patrol agents, or
intelligence analysts in SLFCs. CBP will share information with SLFCs focusing on cross
border related criminal activity, as well as threat notices, officer safety information and
intelligence assessments. CBP also coordinates with SLFCs to provide information regarding
ongoing CBP initiatives and law enforcement operations. Deployment of CBP personnel to
fusion centers will be coordinated with other DHS representatives and the SLPO. (p. 25).

Department of Homeland Security

Responsibilities:
U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE)
According to "Fas.org" (2008), ICE will continue to share information with SLFCs on a
range of issues, including, but not limited to: tactical information, Organized Crime and
Trans-National Gangs information, threat notices, officer safety information, intelligence
assessments, commercial intelligence products, open source information, international
terrorism, Weapons of Mass Destruction analysis, immigration status, travel records, impact
trends, trafficking patterns, and relevant operations that affect State and local law enforcement
agencies. Deployment of ICE personnel to fusion centers will be coordinated with other DHS
field representatives and with the SLPO. (p. 25).

Department of Homeland Security

Responsibilities:
U.S. Secret Service (USSS)
According to "Fas.org" (2008), The United States Secret Service (USSS), and the USCG have
a significant number of field offices located throughout the United States and have worked
closely with their regional, State, and local counterparts on matters of mutual interest for
many years. Many of these field offices are located in close proximity to SLFCs, and State,
local and regional colleagues are
providing information to the field offices that is directly relevant to their mission needs. Many
field components have already established relationships with SLFCs and, in some instances,
have assigned representatives to the SLFCs. (p. 24).

Department of Homeland Security

Responsibilities:
Transportation Security Administration (TSA)
According to "Fas.org" (2008), TSA will interact with SLFCs through their Federal Air
Marshals and TSA Field Intelligence Operations Specialists assigned to Federal Security
Directors at major airports. This will build upon programs to place staff in fusion centers.
Future deployments will be coordinated with the SLPO. TSA will also coordinate with the
fusion centers and respond to requests for information as required. (p. 24).

Primary Purposes of Police Patrolling

Purposes of Patrol

Deter crime by being visible

Maintain public order (peacekeeping)
Respond quickly to emergencies
Arrest criminals
Aid citizens in distress
Facilitate movement of people and traffic
Create a sense of safety and security

Role of Police in Contemporary Society

Five Components of Policing:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Enforcing the law (especially the criminal law)

Investigating crimes and apprehending offenders
Preventing Crime
Helping to ensure domestic peace and tranquility
Providing the community with needed enforcement-related services

Role of Police in Contemporary Society

Law Enforcement Agencies in the U.S.

Issues Facing Todays Police Departments

Ethnic Diversity:
Nationwide, racial and ethnic minorities comprised 22.7% of fulltime sworn police personnel in 2000, up from 17% in 1990. This
brings the number of ethnic minorities to a level approaching their
representation in the American population.
Gender Diversity:
However, women are still significantly unrepresented. According to
a study conducted by the National Center for Women and Policing
(NCWP), in 2001; which found that women fill only 12.7% of all
sworn law enforcement positions nationwide. The NCWP also noting
that women account for 46.5% of employed people over the age of
16 nationwide; making women strikingly misrepresented in the
field of sworn law enforcement.

References
Fas.org. (2008). Retrieved from http://

www.fas.org/irp/agency/dhs/conops.pdf

(Frank Schmalleger, 2011). Pearson Education, 2011.

Langworthy, R. & Travis, L. (1999). Policing in America: A Balance of

Forces. Prentice Hall: Up Saddle River, New Jersey.