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COM
CRM is the sharing of knowledge and best practices to reduce errors and
incidents.
Used by high reliability organizations (HROs)
OVERVIEW
HISTORY
communication
Poor decision making
Lack of leadership skills
SKILLS OF CRM
MODULES OF CRM
SITUATIONAL AWARENESS
One of the basic underlying premises of CRM is that a team can, and
should, perform better than two (or three) individuals in the cockpit. The
aim of CRM is to ensure that 1+1>2, as opposed to 1+1<2 (in a two pilot
cockpit), and that team performance takes precedence over individual
performance. Good CRM is getting the balance right as a team, whilst
recognising that the Captain has the final say and responsibility for the
safety of the aircraft. In order to be effective, team members must be
able to talk to each other, listen to each other, share information and be
assertive when required. Commanders should take particular
responsibility for ensuring that the crew functions effectively as a team.
Whilst the emphasis in CRM is primarily upon the cockpit crew, and how
they work as a team, it is also important to look at wider team
effectiveness, namely the whole flight crew. CRM principles may also
extend to situations where ATC, maintenance, company experts, etc., are
considered to be part of the team (especially in emergency situations or
in a single pilot environment). A UK based study of 249 F/Os reported
that nearly 40% of them had on several occasions failed to communicate
to the Captain their proper doubts about the operation of the aircraft.
The most common reason being the desire to avoid conflict and
deference to the experience and authority of the Captain.
AUTOMATION
CRM has been around in different forms since the early years of aviation.
What has changed is the increased reliability of aircraft and aircraft
systems; the percentage of accidents caused by human factors; the
subsequent recognition of the part played by the human element and the
attempt to define good and poor CRM practice.
The natural development of CRM has, not surprisingly, been mainly on
multicrew aircraft as this was supported by flight and cockpit voice
recorders, and the use of simulators facilitated scenarios where CRM
situations could be practiced and discussed. Some high profile accidents
involving multi-pilot aircraft also drew public attention to the subject. It is
not surprising, therefore, that CRM tended to be regarded as being mainly
applicable to multi-crew operations. This focus is understandable as much
of the written material produced on CRM has been specifically written for
multi-crew situations and has, to some extent, concentrated on the
communication and relationships between pilots.
Single Pilot operations do exist in an airliner from time to time. If one
crewmember should leave the flight deck for a short time it will leave only
one pilot at the controls leaving that person with what essentially is single
pilot skills.
GALLERY
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