Alternative

Fuels

PRESENTED BY:
ALBIN THOMAS
KITS
S5
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Need for Alternate

Fuels

World today is facing the pinch of rising

energy consumption.
Green house gas emissions and global
warming is also in the forefront of critical
issues.
India is ranked 6th in terms of energy demands
but its domestic crude oil production satisfies
only th of our current demands.
As the cost of conventional fuels goes up, the
interest in other fuel sources increase
In some cases, alternative fuels are more
environmentally friendly

Conventional fuels
Fossil

fuels, petroleum, coal and nuclear

materials such as uranium.

Alternative fuels
Any

materials or substances that can be used

as fuels, other than conventional fuels are
called as alternative fuels.

Some well known alternative fuels

Biofuel
Biodiesel
Bioethanol
Biogas
Algal fuel
Electricity
CNG vs CLG
Emulsified diesel fuel
Plastic Fuel

Bio Fuels
There are 4 chief Biofuels categories:
The 1st generation of biofuels comes from sugar,
starch & vegetable fats that are solely
dependent on food-crops. It also can be sourced
through animal fats.
e.g;biofuels are bio-diesel, Bioethanol & biogas.

2nd generation comes from non food

crops.
e.g.biofuels are bio-diesel, Bioethanol &
biogas.

3rd generation is established on the basis

of
. biofuels got through algae. .
e.g. Algae oil
4th generation Fuels based on the
conversion of vegetable oil and biodiesel
into gasoline.

Bio Diesel
It can be manufactured from vegetable oils
such
as palm, rapeseed, soy, linseed,
jatropha and coconut oil.
Avoiding the need for expensive additional
infrastructure.
Reduction of unburned hydrocarbons, carbon
monoxide, and particulate matter.
Biodiesel and Bioalcohol contains no sulphur.
It has natural lubricity and thus lubricity
enhancing additive is not required.

Bioethanol

Brazil stands 1st in terms of Biofuel consumption.

According to UNCTAD report, Brazil uses pure
ethanol in 20% of their vehicles and a 22 to 26 %
ethanol-petrol blend in the rest of their vehicles.
CO emission from automobiles decreased from
50g/km in 1980 to 5.8g/km in 1995
The USA and Australia use a 10% ethanol blend.
India is 4th largest producer and the government
mandated the use of a 5% ethanol blend in petrol
sold in nine sugarcane producing states.

Projected Demand.
Ethanol
Blending
Requirement(bb
bl)
Petrol
@20
year demand @5% @10% %
200607
201112
201617

10.07
12.85
16.4

0.5

1.01 2.01

0.64 1.29 2.57

0.82 1.64 3.28

Biodiesel
Blending
Requirement
Diesel
@10 @20
Demand @5% %
%
52.32

10.4
2.62 5.23
6

66.91

13.3
3.35 6.69
8

83.5

16.7
4.18 8.36
2

Algal Fuel
Microalgae

contains Lipids and fatty acids

Over

30%
The biodiesel yield is higher than high
traditional yielding crops.
It can be grown in sewages and in the industrial
pollutants.
Algal biomass is also a good feed to animals.

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Natural Gas

Natural gas is produced either from gas wells

or in
conjunction with crude oil production.
Because of the gaseous nature of this fuel, it
must be stored onboard a vehicle in either a
compressed gaseous state or in a liquefied
state
A natural gas vehicle can be less expensive
to operate than a comparable conventionally
fueled vehicle depending on natural gas prices.

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CNG
InIndiaCNG

costs are at Rs.38.35 per kg

compared with Rs.73.27 per liter of petrol.
The cost saving is immense along with reduced
emissions and environmentally friendlier cars.
The use of CNG is mandated for the public
transport system of India's capitalNew
Delhias well as for the city ofAhmedabadin
the state ofGujarat.
TheDelhi Transport Corporationoperates the
world's largest fleet of CNG buses.
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Biogas
During biogas production, there is a solid
byproduct called digestate. This can be used as
a biofuel or fertilizer. Biogas consists of
methane.
Low-cost, renewable source of energy.
Because of the gaseous nature of this fuel, it
must be stored onboard a vehicle in either a
compressed gaseous state or in a liquefied
state.
A biogas-powered train has been in service in
Sweden since 2005

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Electricity
Electricity

is used as fuel in the form of

batteries and fuel cells.

Fuel

Cells are more promising because they

use other fuels to create the electrical
energy

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How does a fuel cell work?

A fuel cell uses a hydrogen and oxygen reaction

resulting in the production of energy

If pure hydrogen is used the car produces only two byproducts: Water and Heat.
e.g. Hydrogen fuel car

What are the benefits of using

electricity?
For electric cars it would mean no emissions

Although batteries have a short range, vehicles that

use them can be used in communities to get around
For fuel cells, if hydrogen is used it can have a longer
range vehicle with no emissions.
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Hydrogen Fueled
Vehicle
Hydrogen

and oxygen from air fed into a proton

exchange membrane fuel cell produce enough
electricity to power an electric automobile,
without producing harmful emissions. The only
byproduct of a hydrogen fuel cell is water.
Daimlerstarts its FC vehicle production in 2009
with the aim of 100,000 vehicles in 2012-2013.
Hyundaiwill produce 500 FC vehicles and
expects to start mass production of its FC
vehicles in 2012

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Electric Fuel
Readily available.
Relatively cheaper than compare to petrol and
diesel.
Zero pollution.

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Plastic Fuel
The

process involves heating shredded

plastic waste with coal. This yields around 1
litre of crude oil for every kilogram of waste
plastic.
Using infra-red energy to remove
hydrocarbons from plastic without the use of
a catalyst, transforming 82% of the original
plastic material into fuel.

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Ethanol
Ethanol

is an alcohol-based alternative fuel

produced by fermenting and distilling starch
crops or cellulose that have been converted
into simple sugars
Ethanol is most commonly used to increase
octane and improve the emissions quality of
gasoline.
Ethanol can be blended with gasoline to
create E85, a blend of 85% ethanol and 15%
gasoline.
Ethanol can degrade quickly in water,
therefore, posing less environmental harm
than oil in the case of a spill
Ethanol is an excellent, clean-burning fuel,
potentially providing more horsepower than
gasoline. In fact, ethanol has a higher octane
rating (over 100) and burns 1cooler than

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Cont.
One acre of corn can produce 300 gal. of
ethanol per growing season. So, in order to
replace that 200 billion gal. of petroleum
products, American farmers would need to
dedicate 675 million acres, or 71 percent of
the nation's 938 million acres of farmland, to
growing feedstock.

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Propane
Propane

or liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) is

a popular alternative fuel choice for vehicles
because there is already an infrastructure of
pipelines, processing facilities, and storage for
its efficient distribution.
LPG produces fewer vehicle emissions than
gasoline.
Propane is produced as a by-product of
natural gas processing and crude oil refining.
Propane vehicles can produce fewer ozoneforming emissions than vehicles powered by
reformulated gasoline
The cost of a gasoline-gallon equivalent of
propane is generally less than that of
gasoline, so driving a propane vehicle can
save money.
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Conclusion
The

demand of energy and fuels

is increasing day by day. But at
the same time, the availability of
those fuels and energy is getting
reduced..
So why dont we go for
alternative fuels which are
renewable, non polluting and
economical..?
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Thank you...
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