CLASSIFICATIO

N
OF
SOCIAL
PROCESS

SOCIAL PROCESS

It refers to the recurrent and

patterned interactions or
responses of individuals to one
another which have attained
stability.
Is classified according to certain
bases such as based on formation
and based on unity and opposition

BASED ON
FORMATION
1. Basic or Universal Social
Processes
2. Derived Social Processes

1. Basic or Universal Social

Processes
-it refers to patterned and
recurrent responses observable
in all human societies.

3 UNIVERSAL SOCIAL
PROCESSES:
a. COOPERATION
- it involves two or more persons
joining their intelligence, efforts,
talents, and resources together to
attain a goal which can be shared.
- it is a kind of conjoint action or
an alliance of persons or groups
seeking some common goal or
reward.

Types of Cooperation:

Informal Cooperation
is characterized as a spontaneous and
involves mutual give and take.
Formal Cooperation
- is characterized as a deliberate
contractual nature and prescribes the
reciprocal rights and obligations of
members.
Symbolic Cooperation
- is a situation where two or more
persons live together harmoniously and are
supportive and interdependent, resulting in
mutual self-interest.

Functions of Cooperation:

It makes for social cohesion and

integration among the members
of a group.
It contributes to social stability
and order.
It fosters consensus and
compromise in various social
issue.

3 UNIVERSAL SOCIAL
PROCESSES:
b. COMPETITION

- is a form of impersonalized struggle or

opposition to secure a reward or goal which cannot
be shared.
- the reward or goal can be a prize, material
object, position, leadership, prestige, or power.
- it is a form of disjoint action between
opposing individuals or groups aimed to excel,
surpass or outdo the opponent in order to achieve
the goal.
- is carried on by peaceful means and is guided
by a common set of regulations and values.

Types of Competition:

Personal Competition
- involves direct, face-to-face
contact between opposing parties

Impersonal Competition
- involves a struggle between
persons or groups not directly aware
of each other.

Functions of Competition:

Competition individuals or groups try to outdo

each other and thereby innovate ways to do
so.
Competition can be a driving force to persons
to develop their potentials to the fullest and
attain maximum efficiency and effectiveness.
Competition can develop productivity,
creativity, and ingenuity.
Competition of members of a society for
certain goals and the competition for scarce
resources lead to variation or differentiation.

3 UNIVERSAL SOCIAL
PROCESSES:
c. CONFLICT
- is a form of highly personalized and
emotionalized struggle or opposition
between individuals or groups to attain
scarce goals or values.
- efforts are directed to neutralize,
injure or eliminate rivals.
- may involve physical violence or
non- violence. Non- violent conflicts
include cold wars and psychological
warfare.

Functions of Conflict:

Conflicts may help establish unity and

cohesion within a group which has been
threatened by hostile and antagonistic
feelings among the members.
Internal conflicts becomes a stabilizing and
integrating mechanism in certain instances.
Conflicts provides an outlet for the
expression of suppressed emotions and
frustrations.
Competition and conflict promote social
change.

2. Derived Social
Processes
-refers to secondary social
processes that arise out of the
basic social processes.

5 DERIVED SOCIAL
PROCESSES:
a. Acculturation
- is a social process where a
group blends in and takes on some
characteristics of another culture.
- it is also called cultural
borrowing or cultural imitation

5 DERIVED SOCIAL
PROCESSES:
b. Assimilation
- involves some kind of
interpenetration or fusion of cultural
elements whereby persons or groups
accept the cultural traits, attitudes,
beliefs and sentiments of another
through direct, friendly and
continuous contacts.

5 DERIVED SOCIAL
PROCESSES:
c. Amalgamation
- refers to some kind of
biological fusion through
intermarriage of persons coming
from different ethnic groups

5 DERIVED SOCIAL
PROCESSES:
d. Differentiation
- refers to the creation of interests
resulting in individuals or groups needing
or wanting different things or services
rather than the same thing.
- refers to specialization or division of
labor.

5 DERIVED SOCIAL
PROCESSES:
e. Accommodation
- refers to the social process
whereby competing or conflicting
individuals or groups thresh out
difficulties in order to minimize, if not
stop, the conflict.
- conflicting parties enter into some
forms of agreement to lessen or withdraw
their demands in the interest of peace.

Types of Accommodation:

Domination
- is a process that involves a
dominant- subordinate relationship
where the stronger party imposes its will
upon the weaker party. It involves power
relations.

Truce or Pact
- is an agreement to cease hostilities
or fighting for a certain period of time.

Types of Accommodation:

Compromise
- is a process of settling differences
where opposing parties withdraw or give up
their demands to adjust their relationship. It
involves a give-and-take relationship, the
mutual giving of concessions.

Mediation
- is a form of settling disputes where a
neutral third party intervenes and gives
suggestions or recommendations to warring
nations or parties to stop their hostilities.

Types of Accommodation:

Conciliation
- is an accommodative processes
where the third party or neutral party can
be anybody to settle disputes and who may
or may not give recommendations to settle
the conflict.

Arbitration
- is an accommodative social process
where the neutral third party has legal
authority to decide on the conflict. His/her
decision is followed by the opposing parties.

Types of Accommodation:

Toleration
- is a form of accommodation
without formal agreement.
- is a result of the live and let live
policy where conflicting individuals or
groups put up with others without
trying to modify the behavior of the
others.

BASED ON UNITY OR
OPPOSITION
1. Conjunctive Social Processes
- refers to patterned forms of
social interactions which lead to unity,
organization, cooperation and
harmony.
- include cooperation,
acculturation, assimilation,
differentiation, amalgamation and
accommodation.

BASED ON UNITY OR
OPPOSITION
2. Disjunctive Social Processes
- refer to patterned forms of social
interactions which lead to disunity,
disorganization, division and
disharmony.
- includes competition and conflict.