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What is an IP address?
Each host on a TCP/IP network is
uniquely identified at the IP layer
with an address.
An Internet Protocol (IP) address
specifies the location of a host or
client on the Internet.
The IP address is also known as
Protocol address
The IPv4 address is 32 bits long
Host
16
. 122 . 204
Class-B:
Class-C:
Class-D:
For Multicast
Class-E:
For Research
Class-A Address
00001010.00001010.01000000.00001001
Natural or Default Mask is /8
11111111.00000000.00000000.00000000
255.0.0.0
Class-B Address
10001010.00001110.01010000.00000001
Natural or Default Mask is /16
11111111.11111111.00000000.00000000
255.255.0.0
Class-C Address
11001010.00001100.01000000.10000001
Natural or Default Mask is /24
11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000
255.255.255.0
10
110
1110
1111
Host Address
10
hhhhhhhh
Network
hhhhhhhh
hhhhhhhh
Host
hhhhhhhh
Network
hhhhhhhh
hhhhhhhh
Host
Number of Hosts=224=16777216
No Host ID can have all zeros
i.e. 0.0.0 and specifies network address.
No Host ID can have all ones
i.e. 255.255.255 and specifies the broadcast
address.
Number of Hosts per network= 224 -2=16777214
12
IPv4 address
All 0s in the host ID indicates the network itself.
All 1s in the host ID indicates the broadcast address.
203.251.7.0
168.126.0.0
203.251.7.255
168.126.255.255
203.251.7.00000000
203.251.7.11111111
168.126.00000000.00000000
168.126.11111111.11111111
13
Class-B address
10nnnnnn
nnnnnnnn
hhhhhhhh
Network
10
hhhhhhhh
Host
Class-C address
110nnnnn
nnnnnnnn
nnnnnnnn
Network
110
hhhhhhhh
Host
Reserved (240.0.0.0-255.255.255.255)
16
00000000
01111111
0-127
Class-B:
10000000
10111111
128-191
Class-C:
11000000
11011111
192-223
Class-D:
11100000
11101111
224-239
Class-E:
11110000
11111111
240-255
17
100%
B-25%
1011111
19 1
1
19
2
110000
00
C-12.5%
1101111
1
22
D-6.25%
3 22
E-6.25%
0
1
0
A-50%
1
1
0
1
1110000
4 23
0
0 1110111 9 24
1
0 25
11110000
1111111
5
1
0000000
0 0
18
Networks Vs Hosts
Subnetting
Subnetting (1 Bit)
N.N.N.H
Subnet-2
N.N.N.128/25
Subnet-1
N.N.N.0/25
1 0
Hosts:
27-2=126
(1-126)
Hosts:
27-2=126
(1-126)
N.N.N.0hhhhhhh
N.N.N.1hhhhhhh
0000000 - 0
0000001 - 1
0000010 - 2
.
.
.
.
1111110 - 126
1111111 - 127
21
Subnetting (2 Bits)
N.N.N.H
SN3
N.N.N.128/26
SN2
N.N.N.64/26
Hosts:62
Hosts:62
0
1
1 0
SN4
1
N.N.N.192/26
Hosts:62
(1-62)
SN1
N.N.N.0/26
Hosts:62
(1-62)
N.N.N.00hhhhhh
N.N.N.01hhhhhh
N.N.N.10hhhhhh
N.N.N.11hhhhhh
000000 - 0
000001 - 1
000010 - 2
.
.
.
.
111110 - 62
111111 - 63
22
Subnetting (8 Bits)
IP Address
172
16
Network
255
Host
255
Network
255
:
:
0
Host
255
Network
255
Subnet
Host
172.16.H.H /16
172.16.N.H /24
23
11001001
11011110
00000101
01111001
Subnet Mask
11111111
11111111
11111111
11111000
11001001
11011110
00000101
01111000
ANDing
Network
201
222
120
= 27 = 128
= 26 = 64
= 24 = 16
= 24 = 16
= 23 = 8
= 22 = 4
= 22 = 4
= 22 = 4
202.195.32.0
A (50 Hosts)
E (100 Hosts)
Link-3
S0
S0
E0
E1
Link-2
S1
E0
S1
Link-1
S0
B (13 Hosts)
E0
C (14 Hosts)
E1
D (6 Hosts)
26
E A C B D SL1SL2SL3-
= 27 = 128
= 26 = 64
= 24 = 16
= 24 = 16
= 23 = 8
= 22 = 4
= 22 = 4
= 22 = 4
202.195.32.0 0000000
202.195.32.10 000000
202.195.32.1100 0000
202.195.32.1101 0000
202.195.32.11100 000
202.195.32.111010 00
202.195.32.111011 00
202.195.32.111100 00
A
0
10
1
0
B
D
0
1
01
0
1
0
27
N/W Address
B/C Address
202.195.32.0
202.195.32.127
202.195.32.128
202.195.32.191
202.195.32.192
202.195.32.207
202.195.32.208
202.195.32.223
202.195.32.224
202.195.32.231
202.195.32.232
202.195.32.235
202.195.32.236
202.195.32.239
202.195.32.240
202.195.32.243
IP Address Range
202.195.32.1 202.195.32.126
202.195.32.129 202.195.32.190
202.195.32.193 202.195.32.206
202.195.32.209 202.195.32.222
202.195.32.225 202.195.32.230
202.195.32.233 202.195.32.234
202.195.32.237 202.195.32.238
202.195.32.241 202.195.32.242
30
CIDR
192.168.0.0/24
192.168.1.0/24
192.168.2.0/24
192.168.3.0/24
192.168.0.0/22
31
Without CIDR
NAP
198.32.1.0
198.32.2.0
198.32.3.0
198.0.0.0 through
198.255.255.0
ISP3
198.32.0.0 through
198.32.255.0
ISP1
198.32.1.0 198.32.2.0
198.32.3.0
198.32.1.0
198.32.3.0
198.32.2.0
198.33.1.0
198.33.1.0
198.33.0.0 through
198.33.255.0
ISP2
198.33.1.0
32
With CIDR
NAP
198.0.0.0/8
198.32.0.0/16
198.0.0.0/8
ISP3
198.33.0.0/16
ISP2
198.32.0.0/16
ISP1
198.32.1.0 198.32.2.0
198.33.0.0/16
198.32.3.0
198.33.1.0
33
CIDR
34
CIDR