Documentos de Académico
Documentos de Profesional
Documentos de Cultura
CONTENTS
1. Ions
2. Valences
3. Salts
4. pH
5. Oxygen
6. SI-units
7. Conversion calculations
1. IONS
1. IONS
A+ + B-
1. IONS
NaCl
Na+ + Cl-
NaOH
Na+ + OH-
H2SO4
2H++ SO42-
1. IONS
3Ca2+ + 2PO43CH3COO- + H+
2. VALENCES
2. VALENCES
Definition:
" The charge acquired by an atom when it gains or loses
electrons in a chemical (oxidation-reduction) reaction, while
acquiring the electron configuration of the nearest inert gas."
Note: The atoms either give up or accept electrons to make their
outer shell "full".
=> Summarized: charge of an atom
2. VALENCES
2. VALENCES
2. VALENCES
One (I)
Two (II)
Three (III)
Four (IV)
Five (V)
+
Most common
valence
Element
(generally one
valence, ox. state)
H
Na
K
Li
Ag
H
F
Cl
Br
I
Ca
Mg
Ba
Zn
S
O
Al
C
Si
C
Si
Cu
Hg
Polyatomic ions
NH4
Cu
Hg
Ni
Fe
Cr
Pb
Sn
Mn
Ni
Fe
Cr
N
P
As
Sb
SO4
SO3
CO3
HPO4
HPO3
CrO4
SiO3
Cr2O7
Pb
Sn
Mn
S
PO4
PO3
AsO4
SiO4
Six (VI)
-
Seven (VII)
-
Zero
He
Ne
Ar
Kr
Xe
Rn
N
P
As
Sb
3. SALTS
3. SALTS
3. SALTS
Sodium sulphate
Potasium chloride
K2SO4
Potasium sulphate
FeCl3
Ferric chloride
NaNO3
Sodium nitrate
Calcium sulphate
FePO4
Ferric phosphate
4. PH
4. PH
pH= -log[H+]
In pure water [H+] = [OH-] = 10-7 mol/l
An acid medium is a solution in which [H+] is greater than 10-7
mol/l (pH < 7)
An alkaline medium is one in which [H+] is less than 10-7 mol/l
(pH > 7)
The pH is measured by means of coloured indicators or by an
electrometric method (glass-electrode pH meter)
pH-scale ranges from pH 0 to pH 14
5. OXYGEN
5. OXYGEN
Oxygen = O2 (MM:32)
D.O.= Dissolved Oxygen (mg O2/l)
Measurement:
titration
electrochemical with an oxygen meter with an oxygen probe
6. SI-UNITS
6. SI-UNITS
Quantity
Unit
Name
Symbol
Length
metre
Surface area
square metre
Volume
Time
Expression
in other SI
units
Name
Symbol
Value in units
are
1are=100 m
cubiq metre
litre
1l=1dm
second
minute
min
1min=60s
hour
1h=60min
day
1d=24h
tonne
1t=10kg
Velocity
metre per
second
m.s-1
Mass
kilogramme
kg
Density
Kilogramme
pr cubic
metre
Kg.m-
Volume flow
rate
cubic metre
per second
m.s-1
6. SI-UNITS
Quantity
Unit
Expression
in other SI
units
Name
Symbol
Force
newton
Kg.m.s-2
Pressure
pascal
Pa
N.m-
Absolute
viscosity
pascalsecond
Pa.s
m-1.kg.s-2
Energy
joule
N.m
Power
watt
J.s-1
Resistivity
ohm-metre
.m
Conductivity
siemens per
metre
S.m-1
Amount of
substance
mole
mol
Molar
concentration
mole per
cubic metre
mol.m-3
Name
Symbol
Value in units
Bar (T)
bar
1bar=105 Pa
Atmosphere
(T)
atm
1atm=101325 Pa
m.kg.s-2
7. CONVERSION
CALCULATIONS
7. CONVERSION CALCULATIONS
To
Multiply by ...
mg/l NH4+
mg/l NH4+-N
0.776
mg/l NH4+-N
mg/l NH4+
1.288
mg/l NO2-
mg/l NO2--N
0.3045
mg/l NO2--N
mg/l NO2-
3.284
mg/l NO3-
mg/l NO3--N
0.226
mg/l NO3--N
mg/l NO3-
4.427
mg/l PO43-
mg/l PO43--P
0.326
mg/l PO43--P
mg/l PO43-
3.067
mg/l CaCO3
meq/l
0.02
meq/l
mg/l CaCO3
50.0