Lecture 22 – Shear

Design
March 17, 2003
CVEN 444
Lecture Goals
 Shear
 Shear Design
Uncracked Elastic Beam
Behavior

Look at the shear and

bending moment
diagrams. The acting
shear stress distribution
on the beam.
Uncracked Elastic Beam
Behavior
The acting stresses distributed across the
cross-section.

VQ
τ=
Ib
The shear stress
acting on the
rectangular beam.
Uncracked Elastic Beam
Behavior
The equation of the shear stress for a rectangular beam
is given as:
bh 3
I= − Moment of Inertia
VQ 12
τ= 2
Ib    
bh h bh
Q max =   *   =
 2   4 8
Note: The maximum 3 V 
1st moment occurs at τ max = *   = 1.5 τ ave
the neutral axis (NA).
2  bh 
Uncracked Elastic Beam
Behavior
The ideal shear stress distribution can be described as:

VQ
τ=
Ib
Uncracked Elastic Beam
Behavior
A realistic description of the shear distribution is shown
as:
Uncracked Elastic Beam
Behavior
The shear stress acting along the beam can be described
with a stress block:

Using Mohr’s circle, the stress block can be

manipulated to find the maximum shear and the crack
formation.
Reinforced Concrete
Beams
Typical Crack Patterns for a deep beam
Reinforced Concrete
Beams
Flexural-shear crack -
Starts out as a flexural
crack and propagates due
to shear stress.
Flexural cracks in beams
are vertical
(perpendicular to the
tension face).
Reinforced Concrete
Beams
For deep beam the cracks are given as:
The shear cracks Inclined (diagonal) intercept crack
with longitudinal bars plus vertical or inclined
reinforcement.
Reinforced Concrete
Beams
For deep beam the cracks
are given as:

The shear cracks fail due

two modes:
- shear-tension failure
- shear-
compression failure
Shear Strength of RC Beams
without Web Reinforcement
Total Resistance = vcz + vay + vd (when no stirrups are used)

vcz - shear in compression

zone
va - Aggregate Interlock
forces
vd = Dowel action from
longitudinal bars
Note: vcz increases from
(V/bd) to (V/by) as crack
forms.
Strength of Concrete in Shear
(No Shear Reinforcement)

(1) Tensile Strength of concrete affect inclined

cracking load
Strength of Concrete in
Shear (No Shear
Reinforcement)

(2) Longitudinal Reinforcement Ratio, ρ w

As
ρw = ( restrains cracks)
bw d
for 0.0075 ≤ ρ w ≤ 0.0025 : Vc ≅ 2 f c′bw d
 Strength of Concrete in
Shear (No Shear
Reinforcement)
(3) Shear span to depth ratio, a/d (M/(Vd))

a Deep shear spans

≤ 2 ⇒ more detail design
d required
a
> 2 ⇒ Ratio has little
d effect
Strength of Concrete in
Shear (No Shear
Reinforcement)
(4) Size of Beam
Increase Depth Reduced shear stress at
inclined cracking
Strength of Concrete in
Shear (No Shear
Reinforcement)

(5) Axial Forces

- Axial tension Decreases inclined cracking load
- Axial Compression Increases inclined cracking
load (Delays flexural
cracking)
Function and Strength of
Web Reinforcement
Function: Web Reinforcement is provided to ensure that
the full flexural capacity can be developed.
(desired a flexural failure mode - shear failure
is brittle)
- Acts as “clamps” to keep shear cracks from
widening
Function and Strength of
Web Reinforcement

Uncracked Beam Shear is resisted uncracked

concrete.
Flexural Cracking Shear is resisted by vcz, vay, vd

Vcz − Shear in compression zone

Vay − Verticalcomponentof AggregateInterlockforce
Vd − Dowl Action from longitudinal bars.
Function and Strength of
Web Reinforcement

Flexural Cracking Shear is resisted by

vcz, vay, vd and vs

Vs increases as cracks
widen until yielding of
stirrups then stirrups
provide constant
resistance.
Designing to Resist
Shear
Shear Strength (ACI 318 Sec 11.1)

φVn ≥ Vu
capacity ≥ demand
Vu = factored shear force at section
Vn = Nominal Shear Strength
φ = 0.75 ( shear ) − strength reduction factor
Designing to Resist
Shear
Shear Strength (ACI 318 Sec 11.1)

Vn = Vc + Vs
=

Vc = Nominal shear resistance provided by concrete

Vs = Nominal shear provided by the shear reinforcement

Shear Strength Provided by
Concrete
Bending only
Simple formula Vc = 2 f c bw d
Eqn [11.3]
≤ 3.5 f c bw d

More detailed   V d 
  u 
Vc = 1.9 f c + 2500 ρ w  b d
Note:
   w

V d    M u 
 u  ≤1 Eqn [11.5]
  ≤ 3.5 f c bw d
 Mu 
Shear Strength Provided by
Concrete
Bending and Axial Compression
Simple formula
 
 Nu 
Vc = 2 1 +  f c bw d
Nu is positive for  2000 A 
 g  Eqn [11.4]
compression and Nu/Ag
are in psi. Nu
≤ 3.5 f c bw d 1 +
500 Ag
Eqn [11.7]
 Typical Shear
Reinforcement
Stirrup - perpendicular to axis of members
(minimum labor - more material)
Av f y d ( sin α + cos α )
Vs =
s
ACI Eqn 11-15
Av f y d
α = 90 ⇒ Vs =
o

s
 Typical Shear
Reinforcement
Bent Bars (more labor - minimum material) see req’d
in 11.5.6
Av f y d ( sin α + cos α )
Vs =
s
ACI 11-5.6
1.41Av f y d
α = 45 ⇒ Vs =
o

s
Stirrup Anchorage
Requirements

Vs based on assumption stirrups yield

∴ Stirrups must be well anchored.
Stirrup Anchorage
Requirements
Refer to Sec. 12.13 of ACI 318 for development of web
reinforcement. Requirements:
each bend must enclose a long bar
# 5 and smaller can use standard hooks 90o,135o, 180o
#6, #7,#8( fy = 40 ksi )
#6, #7,#8 ( fy > 40 ksi ) standard hook plus a
minimum embedment
Stirrup Anchorage
Requirements

Also sec. 7.10 requirement for minimum stirrups

in beams with compression reinforcement,
beams subject to stress reversals, or beams
subject to torsion
Design Procedure for
Shear
(1) Calculate Vu
(2) Calculate φ Vc Eqn 11-3 or 11-5 (no axial force)
(3) Check
1  If yes, add web reinforcement (go to 4)
Vu ≥ φVc → 
2  If no, done.
Design Procedure for
Shear
1
(4) If φVc ≤ Vu ≤ φVc → Provide minimum
2 shear reinforcement

bw s  Av f ys 
Av ( min ) = 50  or smax = for min Av 
fy  50bw 

Also: d
smax ≤ ≤ 24" (11.5.4)
(Done) 2
Design Procedure for
Shear
(5) If Vu ≥ φVc , → calulate Vs (req' d)
Vu ≤ φVn = φVc + φVs
Vu
⇒ φVs = Vu − φVc ⇒ Vs = − Vc
φ
Check:
Vs ≤ 8 f c′ bw d ( otherwise, illegal) (11.5.4 )
Design Procedure for
Shear
(6) Solve for required stirrup spacing(strength)
Assume # 3, #4, or #5 stirrups

Av f ys d
s≤ from 11-15

Vs
Design Procedure for
Shear
(7) Check minimum steel requirement (eqn 11-13)

Av f ys
smax =
50bw
Design Procedure for
Shear
(8) Check maximum spacing requirement (ACI 11.5.4)
d
If Vs ≤ 4 f c′ bw d → smax ≤ ≤ 24"
2
d
If Vs ≥ 4 f c′ bw d → smax ≤ ≤ 12"
4
Note : If Vs ≥ 8 f c′ bw d ( illegal)
Design Procedure for
Shear
(9) Use smallest spacing from steps 6,7,8

Note: A practical limit to minimum stirrup

spacing is 4 inches.
Location of Maximum Shear
for Beam Design
Non-pre-stressed members:
Sections located less than a distance d from face of
support may be designed for same shear, Vu, as the
computed at a distance d.

Compression fan
carries load directly
into support.
Location of Maximum Shear
for Beam Design
When:
1. The support reaction introduces compression
into the end regions of the member.
2. No concentrated load occurs with in d from
face of support .
Location of Maximum Shear
for Beam Design

Compression from support at bottom of

beam tends to close crack at support
 Homework – Design-(I)
Determine the
lengths of top and
bottom bars for
the external span
of the continuous
beam. Concrete is normal weight and bars are Grade 60.
Total uniformly distribution factored gravity load on
beam is wu = 6.0 k/ft (including weight of beam). The
beam has fc = 4 ksi, fy= 60 ksi, b =16 in., h =22 in., and
concrete cover =1.5 in.
Homework – Design(I)-
due 3/24/03
Determine the singly
reinforced beam need
for external beams for
both the positive and
negative moments. Draw
the shear and bending moment diagrams for the beam
and determine amount of steel needed for bending.
Use the ACI code to find your moments. Hint: There
is more than one bending moment diagram.