Training Session on Energy

Equipment
Electrical Equipment/
Electricity

Electricity
Presentation from the
Energy Efficiency Guide for Industry in Asia
www.energyefficiencyasia.org

UNEP 2006

Training Agenda: Electricity

Future electricity scenario

Electrical Equipment/
Electricity

Generation & distribution

Phase of electricity
Active and reactive power
Power factor correction
Electrical load management
Electrical billing mechanisms
Transformers

UNEP 2006

Electricity

Electrical Equipment/
Electricity

General Electricity Scenario

Development can be measured by a
nations electricity consumption
Electricity usage is divided into:
a) Industrial
b) Commercial and residential
c) Agriculture and irrigation

Electricity important input for

industry
3

UNEP 2006

Electricity

Electrical Equipment/
Electricity

General Electricity Scenario

International Energy Agency predicts for 2030:

78% of population in developing countries

has access to electricity

1.4 billion people no access

665 billion US$ needed to overcome this

UNEP 2006

Electricity
General Electricity Scenario
Electrical Systems/
Electricity

How can electricity supply shortage

be solved?
a) Renovation and modernization of plants,
transmission and distribution systems
b) Demand side management with the
utilization of energy efficiency
technologies
c) Awareness raising among energy users
5

UNEP 2006

Electricity
Generation & Distribution
Electrical Systems/
Electricity

Electricity generation: fossil fuels and

uranium
Renewable energy is growing
World electricity generation by
energy

Renewable 21%

Nuclear 16%
Fossil fuels 63%

(US Energy Information Administration, 2004)

UNEP 2006

Electricity
Generation & Distribution
Electrical Systems/
Electricity

Transmission
system

Power plant

Distribution system

Generator
GT

10.6 KV

220 KV

Distribution
Step down
transformer

UNEP 2006

Electricity
Generation & Distribution
Electrical Systems/
Electricity

AC generators (alternators) generate

electricity
Electricity generated at 9-13 KV
Power generated from 67.5 to 1000 MW

Power stations: generating transformers

(GTs) to increase voltage to 132-400 KV
Substations: step-down transformers to
reduce voltage before distribution
8

UNEP 2006

Electricity
Generation & Distribution
Electrical Systems/
Electricity

Benefits of high voltage transmission

Less voltage drop: good voltage regulation
Less power loss: high transmission
efficiency
Smaller conductor: lower costs

UNEP 2006

Electricity
Phase of Electricity
Electrical Systems/
Electricity

Single phase AC circuit:

Two wires connected
to electricity source
Direction of current
changes many times
per second
3-phases of an electric system
(Wikipedia contributors, 2005)

Three phase systems:

3 lines with electricity from 3 circuits
One neutral line
3 waveforms offset in time: 50-60 cycles/second 10

UNEP 2006

Electricity
Phase of Electricity
Electrical Systems/
Electricity

Star connection

Delta connection

11

UNEP 2006

Electricity
Active and Reactive Power
Electrical Systems/
Electricity

Active power (kW): real power used

Reactive power (kVAR): virtual power that
determines load/demand
Utility pays for total power (kVA)

2
2
kVA
kVA==(KW)
(KW)2++(KVAR)
(KVAR)2

Source: OIT

12

UNEP 2006

Electricity
Power Factor Correlation
Electrical Systems/
Electricity
Figure: Power factor of electric circuit

13

UNEP 2006

Electricity
PF Correction: Capacitors
Electrical Systems/
Electricity

kVAR demand should be as low as

possible for the same kW output

Figure: Capacitor as kVAR generator

14

UNEP 2006

Electricity

Electrical Systems/
Electricity

PF Correction:
Capacitors
Act as reactive
power
generators
Reduce reactive
power
Reduce total
power generated
by the utilities

Figure: Fixed capacitor banks

Source: Ecatalog

15

UNEP 2006

Electricity
PF Correction: Capacitors
Electrical Systems/
Electricity

Advantages for company:

One off investment for capacitor

Reduced electricity costs:

Total demand reduced

No penalty charges

Reduced distribution losses

Increased voltage level at load end, improved

motor performance

16

UNEP 2006

Electricity
PF Correction: Capacitors
Electrical Systems/
Electricity

Advantages for utility:

Reduced reactive component of network

Reduced total current in the system from

the source end

Reduced I2R power losses

Reduced need to install additional

distribution network capacity
17

UNEP 2006

Electricity
Electrical Load Management

Load curve predicts patterns in demand

KVA

Electrical Systems/
Electricity

Goal: reduce maximum electricity demand

to lower the electricity costs

Daily load curve of an

engineering industry
(National Productivity
Council, India)

Hours

18

UNEP 2006

Electricity
Electrical Load Management
Electrical Systems/
Electricity

Strategies to manage peak load demand:

Shift non-critical / non-continuous process

loads to off-peak time

Shed non-essential loads during peak time

Operate in-house generation or diesel generator

(dg) sets during peak time

Operate AC units during off-peak times and

utilize cool thermal storage

Install power factor correction equipment

19

UNEP 2006

Electricity
Electricity Billing Mechanism
Electrical Systems/
Electricity

Energy charges
Actual charges based on active power
Charge based on apparent power
Maximum demand charges
Based on maximum demand registered
Penalty for peak load
20

UNEP 2006

Electricity
Electricity Billing Mechanism
Electrical Systems/
Electricity

Power factor penalty or bonus

Fuel costs
Electricity duty charges
Meter rentals
Lighting & fan power consumption
Time of Day (TOD) rates
21

UNEP 2006

Electricity
Electricity Billing Mechanism
Electrical Systems/
Electricity

Utility uses trivector meter for measurement

during billing cycle (usually month):
Maximum demand
Active energy in kWh
Reactive energy in kVArh
Apparent energy in kVAh

22

UNEP 2006

Electricity
Electricity Billing Mechanism
Electrical Systems/
Electricity

Demand
measured in time
intervals

Maximum
demand is
highest reading

Customer
charged on
highest
maximum
demand value!
A Typical Demand Curve
23
(National Productivity Council)
UNEP 2006

Electricity
Transformer
Electrical Systems/
Electricity

Static electrical device that

transforms electrical energy
from one voltage level to
another

Two or more coils linked

magnetically but electrically
insulated

Figure 12: A view of a

transformer
(Indiamart.com)

Turns Ratio: turns on 2nd coil (connected to load)

turns on 1st coil (connected to power source)

24

UNEP 2006

Electricity
Transformer types
Electrical Systems/
Electricity

Transformers are classified based on:

Input voltage
Operation
Location
Connection

25

UNEP 2006

Electricity
Transformer Losses & Efficiency
Electrical Systems/
Electricity

2
PPTOTAL ==PPNO-LOAD++(%
(%Load/100)
Load/100)2xxPPLOAD
TOTAL
NO-LOAD
LOAD
2
PPTOTAL ==PPNO-LOAD++(Load
(LoadKVA/Rated
KVA/RatedKVA)
KVA)2xxPPLOAD
TOTAL
NO-LOAD
LOAD

Transformer loss versus percent loading (BEE, 2004)

Transformer losses: constant and variable

Best efficiency: load where constant loss =
26
variable loss
UNEP 2006

Electricity
Electricity Formulae
Electrical Systems/
Electricity

Resistance (Ohm)

Power factor

Voltage (Volts)

Efficiency

Reactance

Transformer ratio

Impedance

Real power (Watt)

Voltage drop in a
line

Star connection

Delta connection

Reactive power
Apparent power

27

UNEP 2006

Training Session on Energy

Equipment

Electrical Systems/
Electricity

Electricity

THANK YOU
FOR YOUR ATTENTION

28

UNEP GERIAP

Disclaimer and References

Electrical Systems/
Electricity

This PowerPoint training session was prepared as part of

the project Greenhouse Gas Emission Reduction from
Industry in Asia and the Pacific (GERIAP). While
reasonable efforts have been made to ensure that the
contents of this publication are factually correct and
properly referenced, UNEP does not accept responsibility for
the accuracy or completeness of the contents, and shall not
be liable for any loss or damage that may be occasioned
directly or indirectly through the use of, or reliance on, the
contents of this publication. UNEP, 2006.
The GERIAP project was funded by the Swedish
International Development Cooperation Agency (Sida)
Full references are included in the textbook chapter that is
available on www.energyefficiencyasia.org
29

UNEP 2006