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DISEASE MANAGEMENT OF
MEDICINAL AND AROMATIC
PLANTS
BY INDER MAKHIJA
WHAT IS MEANT BY PEST?
Pest is an undesirable animal or plant
species
TYPES OF PEST
The different types of pests infesting the
medicinal plants are
Fungi and virus
Insects
Weeds
Non insect pests
FUNGI
Ø Ascochyta atropae
Ø Cercospora atropae
Ø Phytophthora nicotianae
Ø
Ø
Ø
Ø
VIRUSES
Tobacco mosaic virus
Cucumber mosaic virus
Tobacco ring spot virus
Yellow vein mosaic,
Graft transmissible virus
Distortion mosaic virus
INSECTS
“Total number of insect species>Total
number of all other forms of life put
together”
Biting and chewing
Piercing and sucking
Examples:
Agrotis species
Heliothis armigera
WEEDS
A weed is undesirable plant.
Weed leads to loss of nutrients, water, light and
space.
Increase in cost of labour and equipment
Low product quality
Enhanced chances for attacks of bacteria,fungi
and insects
A weed is undesirable plant.
Rag weed
Medican tea
Yellow dock
Parthenium
METHODS OF PEST CONTROL
MECHANICAL METHOD
AGRICULTURAL METHOD
BIOLOGICAL CONTROL
ENVIRONMENTAL METHOD
CHEMICAL METHOD
MECHANICAL METHOD
The simple techniques used are:
Hand picking
Pruning or cutting
Burning
Trapping
A proper approach is made for collection and
destruction of eggs , larvae, pupae and
adults of insects
AGRICULTURAL METHOD
The techniques are:
Hybridization
Tissue culture
Transgenic plants
Other aspects of Agricultural control are:
Ploughing
Crop rotation
Changes in environment
BIOLOGICAL CONTROL
This method is practiced by combating the pests,
mostly the insects with other organism, the
parasitic form.
If the method is properly designed it may emerge as
an effective, safe, economical method of pest
control.
The chemical substances produced and released by
some female insects, are capable of eliciting a
sexual response from the opposite sex, which
could be properly exploited for the biological
control of pests. Such substances are called as
SEX PHEROMONES
ENVIRONMENTAL METHOD
Environmental condition surrounding the
pest is changed either by removing its food
supply or by interfering the completion of
its life cycle.
e.g., mosquito larvae in water are killed by
spreading a layer of oil.
CHEMICAL METHOD
The chemical control is done by with the help of
PESTICIDES.
Pesticides are chemicals derived from synthetic
and natural sources effective in small
concentration against pest
Various forms of preparation of pesticides
used:
Spray or wettable powders
Powders
Granulates
Selfemulsifying concentrates
Solution in mineral oil fractions
Fumigants
PESTICIDE
These are the chemicals derived from synthetic and
natural sources effective in small concentrations
against the pest
Ideal requirements for pesticides
It should be nontoxic and noninjurious to medicinal
plants and human being. It should be highly toxic to
insect
It should be effective in small concentrations
Stable under ordinary conditions of storage,non
inflammable, noncorrosive and free from obnoxious
odours
It should be noncumulative in the soil and possess
stability on treated surface.
Cheap and easily available.
MODE OF ACTION OF PESTICIDES ON
ANIMALS
CHEMICAL COMPOUND BIOLOGICAL EFFECT
EFFECT ON ANIMALS
Organophosphorous Inhibition of Ach esterases
compounds and carbamates
Chlorinated hydrocarbons and Neurotoxication
pyrethroids
Nicotinoids Inhibition of neuromuscular
junction
MODE OF ACTION OF
PESTICIDES ON PLANTS
CHEMICAL BIOLOGICAL
COMPOUND EFFECT
EFFECT ON PLANTS
Carbamates, substituted Inhibition of photosynthesis
ureas, triazines
Carbamates Inhibition of oxidative
phosphorylation
2,4D; 2,4,5T Harmone analogue
Metals, sulphur Unknown cause
3amino1,2,4 triazole Inhibition of chlorophyll
synthesis
Chlorinated aliphatic Inhibition of pentothenate
hydrocarbons synthesis
DIFFERENT CLASSES OF PESTICIDES BASED ON
THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION:
CHLORINATED HYDROCARBONS AND
RELATED PESTICIDES
CHLORINATED PHENOXYALKANOIC ACID
HERBICIDES
ORGANOPHOSPHOROUS PESTICIDES
CARBONATE INSECTICIDES
INORGANIC PESTICIDES
DITHIOCARBAMATE FUNGICIDES
CLASSIFICATION OF PESTICIDES
FUNGICIDES
HERBICIDES
INSECTICIDES
ACARICIDES
RODENTICIDES
NEMATOCIDES
FUNGICIDES
TYPES:
§ DISINFECTANTS FOR SEEDS
Eg., Dithiocarbamates,organophosphorous
compounds,pyridine compounds
§ DISINFECTANTS FOR SOIL
§ LEAF FUNGICIDES
Eg., Copper oxychlorides,Bordeaux
mixture,Barium sulphate
§
§
HERBICIDES
They are the weed killers, which are used
for destroying the unwanted plants or
to prevent their growth
Types:
§ Selective herbicides2,4D
§ Nonselective herbicidespotassium
cyanide
§ Contact herbicidessulphuric acid
§ Translocated herbicidespicloram
§
§
INSECTICIDES
§ OVICIDES
§ LARVICIDES
§ STOMACH POISONS
§ CONTACT POISONS
Classified by the mode of action:
Enzyme toxins
Nerve toxins
ACARICIDES
They are substances that are used to control the
infestation caused by the mites, especially spider
mites.
These insects acquire resistance to the chemicals
because of their rapid multiplication and therefore
new acaricides have to be developed
Examples:
§ Phosphoric and thiophosphoric acid esters
§ Carbamidic esters
§ Chlorinated aromatics
NEMATOCIDES
For the control of the phytopathogenic thread worms
i.e.,nematodes living free in the soil and also
occuring in the plants the agents required are
Nematocides.
Halogenated hydrocarbons
Carbamidic and thiocarbamidic acid derivatives
Thiophosphoric acid esters
RODENTICIDES
The pesticides acting against rodents are called
rodenticides
Examples:
q Warfarin
q Arsenic trioxide
q Thallium sulfate.
q Natural origin examples: Red Squill, Strychnine
DISEASE MANAGEMENT OF
MEDICINAL AND AROMATIC PLANTS
PLANT DISEASE:
According to” STAKMAN and HORRAR”
“Any disturbance of a plant that interferes with its
normal growth and development , economic values or
aesthetic quality, a continuously often progressively
affected condition in contrast to injury which result
from momentary damage”
The deviation is sufficiently pronounced and
permanent to produce visible symptom.
The deviations are produced by pathogenic
organisms or environmental condition and hence
their failure to reach the full genetic potential.
CLASSIFICATION OF PLANT
DISEASES
BIOTIC (PATHOGENIC)
FUNGI
BACTERIA
VIRUS AND VIROIDS
PHYTOPLASMA
PARASITIC PLANT
NEMATODES
ABIOTIC (NONPARASITIC DISEASES)
COMMON DISEASES IN PLANTS
PHYTOPHTHORA ROT
ROOT ROT
PHYTOPHTHORA ROOT ROT
LEAF NECROSIS
LEAF SPOT
DAMPING OFF
PREVENTION OF DISEASES
EXCLUSION
AVOIDANCE
SANITATION
CULTURAL CONTROL
PHYSICAL CONTROL
BIOLOGICAL CONTROL
CHEMICAL CONTROL
MECHANICAL METHOD
MODE OF ACTION OF EACH
CHEMICAL CLASS
CHEMICAL CLASS TARGET
Benzimidazole Cell mitosis
Benzonitrile multi site
Carbamates Cell membrane
Carbozamide Fungal respiration
Cinnamic acid Cell wall synthesis
Thiadiazole Lipid peroxidation
REFERENCES
TEXT BOOK OF PHARMACOGNOSY BY KOKATE,C.K
PUROHIT,22nd EDITION
TREASE AND EVANS PHARMACOGNOSY,15th EDITION
MOHAMMAD ALI, TEXT BOOK OF
PHARMACOGNOSY,CULTIVATION AND UTILISATION
OF MEDICINAL PLANTS
THANK YOU