Arc Flash Training Presentation

Arc Flash Training
Amman East Power Plant
Overview
Introductions
Round Table, Experience with Arc Flash?
Logistics
Routine Breaks
Lunch
Why are we here? What will we do? What are target?
To learn about arc flash.
To share the information, discuss and participation from all.
Provide people the knowledge and understanding of existence, nature,
causes and methods to prevent electrical hazards.
The ability to start in calculates of Arc Flash Protection of their
companys.
Selection and use of appropriate PPE.
Meeting Norms
Group Developed
2
Agenda
Day 1:
09:30 Welcome and Meftaur Speech
09:45 Introduction
10:15 Revisions to the NFPA 70E
10:30 Electrically Safe Work Conditions
10:45 Coffee Break
11:00 Energized Electrical Work Permit
11:15 Flash Protection Boundary and Limits of Approach
12:30 Lunch/ Prayer Time
13:30 Flash Protection Boundary and Limits of Approach-cont.
15:00 Coffee Break
15:15 NFPA 70E Boundaries and Space
16:00 End of Day 1
3
Agenda
Day 2:
09:30 Arc Flash Calculation Methods
10:00 Practical Steps to Arc Flash Calculation
10:45 Coffee Break
11:00 Practical Steps to Arc Flash Calculation- cont.
13:30 Example for Arc Flash Calculation
15:00 Coffee Break
15:15 Calculation Software
16:00 End of Day 2
Agenda
Day 3:
09:30 Review the flash protection calculation
10:30 Choosing Correct PPE
11:00 Coffee Break
11:15 Reducing the Arc Flash Hazard
13:30 Safety Induction
13:45 Coffee Break
14:00 Site Visit (Practical circuit breaker rack-in & rack-out procedures
and inspection & using Arc Flash Suits)
16:00 End of Day 3
Start of Day 1
6
Introduction
What is Arc Flash?

An electric arc or an arcing fault is flashover of electric current
through air in electrical equipment from one exposed live conductor
to another or to ground. Arc flash hazard is the danger of excessive
heat exposure and serious burn injury due to arcing faults in
electrical power systems.
Electrical arcs produce intense blast
and pressure waves. They have extremely
high temperatures radiate intense heat, can
ignite clothes and cause severe burns that
fatal.
can be
Fault
Electric Arc
35,000 F
Introduction
Molten Metal
Pressure Waves
Sound Waves
Shrapnel
Copper Vapor:
Solid to Vapor
Expands by
67,000 times
Hot Air-Rapid Expansion

Intense Light
Introduction
Why are we so interested in Arc Flash now?
Numerous workers are injured and/or killed each year while
working on energized equipment. Many of these casualties are
a result of arc flash.
Working on energized equipment has become commonplace in
many industries.
Injuries that can result from an arc flash:
Burns
Respiratory system damage
Hearing damage
Skin penetration from flying debris
Eye and face injuries
10
Introduction
Causes of Electric Arcs:

Arcs can be initiated by the following:
1. Glow to arc discharge:
a. Dust and impurities: Dust and impurities on insulating surfaces can

provide a path for current, allowing it to flashover and create arc
discharge across the surface. This can develop into greater arcs. Fumes
or vapor of chemicals can reduce the breakdown voltage of air and
cause arc flash.
b. Corrosion: Corrosion of equipment parts can provide impurities on
insulating surfaces. Corrosion also weakens the contact between
conductor terminals, increasing the contact resistance through oxidation
or other corrosive contamination. Heat is generated on the contacts and
sparks may be produced, this can lead to arcing faults with nearby
exposed conductors of different phase or ground.
11
Introduction
Causes of Electric Arcs..
2. Condensation of vapor and water dripping can cause tracking on
the surface of insulating materials. This can create a flashover to
ground and potential escalation to phase to phase arcing.
3. Spark discharge:
a. Accidental touching: Accidental contact with live exposed parts
can initiate arc faults.
b. Dropping tools: Accidental dropping of tools may cause
momentary short circuit, produce sparks and initiate arcs.
.
4. Failure of insulating materials.
12
Introduction
Causes of Electric Arcs..
5. Over-voltage across narrow gaps: When air gap between
conductors of different phases is very narrow (due to poor
workmanship or damage of insulating materials), arcs may strike
across during over-voltages
Electrical arcs also caused by the following:
* Improperly designed or utilized equipment.
* Improper work procedures.
13
Introduction
The Nature of Electrical Arcs:
1. Electric arcs produce some of the highest temperatures known to
occur on earth up to 35,000 degrees Fahrenheit3. This is four times
the surface temperature of the sun.
2. The intense heat from arc causes the sudden expansion of air. This
results in a blast with very strong air pressure (Lightning is a natural
arc).
3. All known materials are vaporized at this temperature. When
materials vaporize they expand in volume (Copper 67,000 times,
Water1670 times4). The air blast can spread molten metal to great
distances with force.
14
Introduction
The Nature of Electrical Arcs..
4. For a low voltage system (480/277 V), a 3 to 4-inch arc can become
stabilized and persist for an extended period of time.
5. Energy released is a function of system voltage, fault current
magnitude and fault duration.
6. Arcs in enclosures, such as a Motor Control Center (MCC) or
switchgear, magnify blast and energy transmitted as the blast is forced
to the open side of the enclosure and toward the worker.
15
Introduction
Important Temperatures
Skin temperature for curable burn
Skin temperature causing cell death
Ignition of clothing
Burning clothing
Metal droplets from arcing
Surface of sun
Arc terminals
16
176F
205F
752-1472F
1472F
1832F
9000F
35,000F
Introduction
17
A First Degree Burn is red and sensitive to touch. There is minimal

skin damage and only the skin surface is involved.
Example: Sunburn
Introduction
18
A Second Degree Burn involves the first and second layers of skin.
The skin reddens intensely and blisters develop. Severe pain and
swelling occur and chance for infection is present.
Introduction
19
A Third Degree Burn causes charring of skin and coagulation of

blood vessels just below the skin surface. All three layers of skin are
affected. Extensive scarring usually results.
Introduction
Skin damage will occur based on the intensity of the heat generated
by an electrical arc accident. The heat reaching the skin of the
worker is dependent on the following three factors:
Power of the arc at the arc location
Distance of the worker to the arc
Time duration of the arc exposure
The intent of NFPA 70E regarding arc flash is to provide guidelines

which will limit injury to the onset of second degree burns.
20
20
Introduction
Inhalation Injuries
In addition to burns, an arc flash can cause inhalation injuries. More
than a hundred known toxic substances are present in fire smoke.
When inhalation injuries are combined with external burns the
chance of death can increase significantly.
21
The pressure of an arc blast is caused by the expansion of the

metal as it vaporizes and the heating of the air by the arc energy.
This accounts for the expulsion of molten metal up to 10 feet away.
In addition, the sudden expansion of an arc blast creates loud
sounds that can cause hearing damage.
Revisions To The NFPA 70E

As a result of the injuries and
deaths related to arc flash,
changes/additions have been
incorporated into the National
Fire Protection Association
publication number 70E, the
most recent version being
NFPA 70E-2009.
22

1. Only qualified persons shall be permitted to work on electrical conductors
or circuit parts that have not been put into an electrically safe work
condition. (reference: NFPA 70E-2009 Section 110.8(A)(2) NFPA).
2. A flash hazard analysis shall be done in order to protect personnel from
the possibility of being injured by an arc flash. (reference: NFPA 70E2009 Section 130.3 NFPA).
Employees working in areas where electrical hazards are present shall
be provided with, and shall use, protective equipment that is designed
and constructed for the specific part of the body to be protected and
for the work to be performed (reference: NFPA 70E-2009 Section
130.7(A) NFPA).
23

4.
Personal protective equipment shall conform to the standard given in

Table 130.7(C)(8) (reference: NFPA 70E-2009 130.7(C)(8) NFPA).
5.
Arc Flash Protective Equipment:

The entire flash suit, including the hoods face shield, shall have an arc
rating that is suitable for the arc flash exposure (reference: NFPA 70E2009 Section 130.7(C)(13)(a)).
24
Electrically Safe Work Conditions
The equipment is not and cannot be energized:
25
To ensure an electrically safe work condition:

Identify all power sources,
Interrupt the load and disconnect power,
Visually verify that a disconnect has opened the circuit,
Locking out and tagging the circuit,
Test for absence of voltage, and
Ground all power conductors, if necessary.
Electrically Safe Work Conditions
Lockout/Tagout
A single qualified person de-energizing one set of conductors.
An unqualified person may never perform a lockout/tagout, work
on energized equipment, or enter high risk areas.
26
Achieving an Electrically Safe Work

Condition
An Electrically Safe Condition shall be achieved by completing all the
following
Determine all sources of electrical supply (Drawings, diagrams)
Open disconnecting device for each source
Visually verify all blades of disconnecting devices are fully open or
draw out-type breakers are withdrawn
Apply lockout/tagout devices in accordance with policy
Test each phase conductor using adequately rated voltage detector
Ground phase conductors where possibility exists for induced or
stored energy
27
Achieving an Electrically Safe Work

Condition
Electrical conductors and circuit parts that have been disconnected but
not under lockout/tagout, tested and grounded (where appropriate)
shall not be considered to be in an electrically safe work condition
Safe work practices shall be used in this case identical to
working on or near exposed live parts
Applies regardless of whether equipment is temporary,
permanent or portable
28
Energized Electrical Work Permit
29
When live parts over 50 volts are not placed in an electrically safe
work condition it is considered energized electrical work and must
be down under a written permit.
Permit gives conditions and work practices needed to protect
employee from arc flash or contact with live parts.
Energized Electrical Work Permit

An Energized Electrical Work Permit will include:
Circuit, equipment and location
Why working while energized.
Shock and arc flash hazard analysis
Safe work practices
Approach boundaries
Required PPE and tools
Access control
Proof of job briefing
30
Flash Protection Boundary and

Limits of Approach
31
Definitions of Boundaries and Spaces

The closer you approach an exposed, energized conductor or circuit
part, the greater the chance of an inadvertent contact and the
greater the injury that an arc flash will cause. NFPA 70E-2009,
Annex C defines approach boundaries and work spaces. The
diagram on the next slide illustrates these.

Limits of Approach
32
Approach/Flash Protection Boundaries

Limits of Approach
33

Limits of Approach
34

Limits of Approach
Prohibited
Restricted
Limited
The closest distance
an unqualified
person can approach,
unless escorted by a
qualified person.
Energized
panel
(<750V)
3 feet 6 inches for 480V
35

Limits of Approach
Prohibited
Energized
part
36
Restricted
The closest distance to

exposed live parts a
qualified person can
approach w/out proper PPE
and tools.
12 inches for
480 volts
To cross this boundary, the

qualified person must wear
PPE and have proper tools.

Limits of Approach
Prohibited
Energized
part
1 inch for
480 volts
37
Crossed ONLY by a qualified person,

which when crossed by body part or
object, requires the same protection as
if direct contact was made with the live
part.
EFCOG Electrical Safety Task Group

Limits of Approach
38

Limits of Approach
Prohibited Restricted
Limited
The distance from

exposed live parts within
which a person could
receive a second degree
burn if an arc flash were
to occur.
Arc flash PPE is
required within this
boundary.
Energized
part
Calculated distance
39
Flash
Protection
Boundary
Note: Distance may be

less than or greater
than the shock
protection boundaries.

Limits of Approach
Flash Protection Boundary
When an energized conductor is exposed, you may not
approach closer than the flash boundary without wearing appropriate
personal protective clothing and personal protective equipment.
IEEE defines Flash Protection Boundary as: An approach limit at a
distance from live parts operating at 50 V or more that are un-insulated
or exposed within which a person could receive a second degree burn.
40

Limits of Approach
How Does Flash Protection Boundary Relate to Working On Or Near
Exposed Energized Parts?
The radiant energy and molten material that is released by an electric
arc is capable of seriously
injuring or killing a human being at distances of up to twenty feet.
The flash protection boundary is the closest approach allowed by
qualified or unqualified persons without the use of arc flash PPE.
41

Limits of Approach
42

Limits of Approach
Typical NEC Label
43

Limits of Approach
Typical Detailed Label
44
NFPA 70E Boundaries and Spaces

Good safety practices minimize risk:
Switch remotely if possible.
Standing aside and away as much as possible during
switching.
Avoid leaning on or touching switchgear and metallic surfaces.
Use proper tools and PPE.
NFPA 70E, Section 130.3(B) states:
If work will be performed within the flash protection boundary, the flash
hazard analysis shall determine, and the employer shall document,
the incident energy exposure of the worker in (cal/cm2).
45

NFPA 70E, Section 130.3 (B) states:
46
The incident energy exposure level

shall be based on the working distance
of the workers face and chest areas
from a prospective arc source for the
specific task to be performed.
NFPA 70E, Section 130.3(B)(1)states:

Flame Resistant (FR) Clothing and Personal Protective
Equipment (PPE) shall be used by the employee based upon the
incident energy exposure associated with the specific task.
47
End of Day 1
48
Start of Day 2
49
Flash Protection Calculations
The Incident Energy and Flash Protection Boundary can be

calculated in an Arc Flash Hazard Analysis.
There are two methods:

IEEE Std 1584TM
NFPA 70E-2009, Annex B & C
50

* IEEE Std 1584TM method:
The following procedures are recommended by IEEE Standard 15842002 in the evaluation of arc flash hazard. The empirically derived
equations were developed by IEEE working group on arc flash. These
equations are based on test results and are applicable for the following
table conditions:
51

Table 1: Conditions for which the IEEE 1584 equations are
applicable
52
Parameter
Applicable Range
System voltage (KV)
0.208 to 15 KV
Frequencies (Hz)
50 to 60 Hz
Bolted fault current (KA)
0.7 to 106 KA
Gap between electrodes (mm)
13 to 152 mm
Equipment enclosure type
Open air, box, MCC, panel,

switchgear & cables
Grounding type
Undergrounded, grounded, high

resistance grounded
Phases
3 Phase fault

Step 1
Estimate of Arcing Current
For low voltage systems (<1 kV), the arc current is given by the
following equation:
Ia = 10{K+0.662 log(Ibf) +0.0966V + 0.000526G + 0.5588V*log(Ibf) - 0.00304G*log(Ibf) }
where
log is the log10
Ia = arcing current (kA)
K = 0.153; open configuration
= 0.097; box configuration
53

Ibf = bolted fault current for three-phase faults (symmetrical RMS) (kA)
V = system voltage (kV)
G = gap between conductors, (mm)
For medium voltage systems (>1 kV), the arc current is given by the
following equation:
Ia = 10{0.00402 + 0.983 log(Ibf)}
54

Step 2
Estimate of Normalized Incident Energy
The normalized incident energy, based on 0.2 second arc duration and
610 mm distance from the arc, is given by following equation:
En = 10{K1+ K2 + 1.081* log(Ia) + 0.0011G}
where
En = incident energy normalized for time and distance (J /cm2)
K1 = -0.792; open configuration
= -0.555; box configuration
55

K2 = 0; ungrounded and high resistance grounded systems
= -0.113; grounded systems
G = gap between conductors (mm)
Step 3
Estimate of Normalized Incident Energy
The normalized incident energy is used to obtain the incident energy at
a normal surface at a given distance and arcing time with the following
equation:
E = 4.184 Cf En (t / 0.2)(610/D)x
56

where
E = incident energy (J /cm2)
Cf = Calculation factor = 1.0; voltage 1KV
= 1.5; voltage < 1kV
t = arcing time (seconds)
D = working distance from arc (mm)
x = distance exponent as shown in the following Table 2:
Table 2: Distance Factor (x) for various voltages and enclosure types
57
Enclosure Type
0.208 to 1 KV
1 to 15 KV
Open air
Switchgear
1.473
0.973
MCC and Panels
1.641
..
Cables

Step 4
Flash Protection Boundary
The flash protection boundary is the distance at which a person without
personal protective equipment (PPE) may get a second-degree burn
that is curable.
DB = 610 * [ 4.184 Cf En (t / 0.2)(1/ EB)1/x
where
DB = distance of the boundary from the arcing point (mm)
Cf = Calculation factor = 1.0; voltage 1KV
= 1.5; voltage < 1kV
58

where
En = incident energy normalized
EB = incident energy at the boundary distance (J/cm2); EB can be set
at 5.0 J/cm2 (1.2 Cal/cm2) for bare skin.
x = the distance exponent as shown in the previous Table 2.
Ibf = bolted fault current (kA).
59

* NFPA 70E-2009, Annex B & C methods:
The proposed edition of NFPA 70E, Standard for Electrical Safety

Requirements for Employee Workplaces, 2004 Edition, has
recommended in Annex B and C of the standard, the following methods
for evaluating arc flash hazard. The final version has been changed to
Electrical Safety Requirements for Employee Workplaces and is
scheduled to be released in January of 2004. Methods shown here
may differ from the final release version. Two different methods are
described.:
60

* Annex B Method
Arc Flash Boundary
The theoretical maximum arc power in MW is half the bolted 3-phase
fault MVA14,15. This occurs when the arc current is 70.7% of the bolted
fault current. Based on this, the flash protection boundary is calculated
as:
DB = (2.65 * 1.732 * V * Ibf * t)
where
DB = distance of the boundary from the arcing point (mm)
V = rated system voltage L-L (kV)
61

Ibf = bolted fault current (kA)
Incident Energy
Arc in open air 0.6 kV or below, 16-50 kA short circuit current
E = 5271D
- 1.9593
t [0.0016*Ibf
-0.0076 *Ibf + 0.8938] . (1)
Arc in box 0.6 kV or below, 16-50 kA short circuit current

E = 1038.7D
(2)
62
- 1.4738
t [0.0093*Ibf
-0.3453 *Ibf + 5.9675] .

Arc in open air Above 0.6 kV
E = 793D
V Ibf t . (3)
where
E = incident energy (cal / cm2)
D = working distance from arc (inches)
63

* Annex C Method
Table 3: Equations for arc in box for calculating arc current, incident
energy and flash protection boundary:
V 1KV
1 KV V 5KV
V 5KV
Ia
0.85 Ibf 0.004 Ibf2
0.928 Ibf
Ibf
416 Ia t D-1.6
21.8 Ia t D-0.77
16.5 Ia t D-0.77
DB
(416 Ia t / 1.2)0.625
(21.8 Ia t / 1.2)1.3
(16.5 Ia t / 1.2)1.3
The equations in the above Table 3 apply only to arc in box for short
circuit currents between 0.6 kA and 106 kA.
64

Incident Energy for system voltage > 15KV:
E = 2.124*106 * V *Ibf (1/D2)
where
E = incident energy (Joules / cm2)
V = system voltage
Ibf = bolted short circuit current (kA)
t = time to clear arc (seconds)
D = working distance (610mm)
x = distance exponent (from table)
E = 793*D-2 * V *Ibf * t
where
D = working distance (24in.)
65

where
Ia = arc current (kA)
D = working distance from arc (inches)
DB = distance of the flash protection boundary from the arcing point
(inches)
Test results have shown that the incident energy for an open air arc is
approximately inversely proportional to the distance squared.
Enclosing a 3-ph arc in a box can increase the incident energy from
1.5 to 3 times depending upon the arc parameters and box dimensions
when compared to an open air arc with the same parameters.
66

Practical Steps to Arc Flash Calculations:
Step 1
Identification of Locations/Equipment for AFH
Step 2
Collect the System Installation Equipment Data:
Equipment Data for Short Circuit Analysis; voltage, size (MVA/kVA),
impedance, X/R
Equipment Data for Protective Device Characteristics; type of device,
existing settings for relays, breakers and trip units, rating amps, timecurrent curves, total clearing time.
67

Equipment Data for Arc Flash Study; type of equipment, type of
enclosure (open air, box, etc.), gap between conductors, grounding
type, number of phases, and approximate working distance for the
equipment.
Determine All Possible Operating Conditions
Step 3
Prepare single-line diagram of the system.
Step 4
Short Circuit Study:
68

Calculate bolted (available) three-phase fault current for each
equipment.
Calculate every contributing branch/load currents.
Step 5
Determine Expected Arc Current:
Calculate Arc Current using empirical formula (NFPA, IEEE, or other

standards).
Calculate branch currents contributing to the arc current from every
branch.
69

Step 6
Determine Arcing Time:
Evaluate Protective Device Performance
Trip time for multiple feeds
Step 7
Determine Incident Energy:
Tolerance of calculated Incident Energy
Step 8
70
Determine Hazard/Risk Category

Step 9
Determine Flash Protection Boundary
Step 10
71
Document The Arc Flash Hazard Assessment:

Documentation in reports
Documentation in One-Line Diagrams
Documentation on Equipment (Lables)
End of Day 2
72
Start of Day 3
73
Choosing Correct PPE

Section 130.7(A) states that employees working in areas where there
are electric hazards shall be provided with, and shall use, protective
equipment that is designed and constructed for the specific part of
the body to be protected and for the work to be performed.
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE), for the arc flash is the last
line of defense.
It is not intended to prevent all injuries, but is intended to mitigate

the impact of an arc flash, should one occur.
74
After the Arc-Flash Hazard Analysis has been performed, PPE is

selected as follows:
Clothings ATPV or EBT (in cal/cm2)
>
Calculated Hazard Level (in cal/cm2)
ATPV - Arc Thermal Performance Exposure Value
EBT - Break open Threshold Energy Rating
Calculated Hazard Level Incident Energy in cal/cm2
75
76
77
Specialized Arc-Flash
Protection Equipment:
Flash Suit
Use: Hazard/Risk Category 4
Switching Coat,
ATPV = 42 cal/cm2
78
79
Hood,
ATPV = 42 cal/cm2
80
Face Shield -- Attaches to
Hard Hat
Gloves and Leather Protectors,
(ATPV Values not Established for
Rubber)
Use: Hazard/Risk Category 2,
3, and 4 for the Leather
Protectors
81
NFPA 70E, Section 130.7(C)(9) states:

When selected in lieu of the flash hazard analysis of 130.3(B)(1),
Table 130.7(C)(9) shall be used to determine the hazard/risk
category for each task.
NFPA 70E 2009 Pages\NFPA 70E 2009_Page_033.jpg
NFPA 70E, Section 130.7(C)(10) states:

Once the Hazard/Risk Category has been identified, Table
130.7(C)(10) shall be used to determine the required personal
protective equipment (PPE) for the task.
82

The tables in NFPA 70E-2009 provide the simplest methods for
determining PPE requirements. They provide instant answers with
almost no field data. The tables provide limited application and are
conservative for most applications.
*These tables are not intended as a substitution for an arc hazard
analysis, but only as a guide.
A simplified two-category approach is found in NFPA 70E-2009, Table
H-1 of Annex H NFPA. This table assures adequate PPE for electrical
workers within facilities with large and diverse electrical systems.
83

The clothing listed in Table H-1 fulfills the minimum FR clothing
requirements of NFPA 70E-2009, Tables 130.7(C)(9) and 130.7(C)
(10) NFPA and should be used with the other PPE appropriate for the
Hazard/ Risk Category that is found in of NFPA 70E-2004, Table
130.7(C)(10) NFPA.
84
85
86
87
NFPA 70E-2004, Section 130.7(C), Table 130.7(C)(9) lists common

work tasks with respective Hazard/Risk category of each task.
After the Hazard Risk Category has been determined from Table
130.7(C)(9), then Table 130.7(C)(10) is used to determine the
Protective Clothing and Personal Protective Equipment required for
the task.

Hazard/
Risk
Category
V-rated
V-rated
Gloves
Tools
CB or fused switch operation with enclosure doors closed
Reading a panel meter while operating a meter switch
CB or fused switch operation with enclosure doors open
Work on energized parts, including voltage testing
2*
Task (Assumes Equipment Is Energized, and Work Is Done

Within the Flash Protection Boundary)
88
NFPA 70E, Table 130.7(C)(11) lists the characteristics and degrees

of protection for various Flame Resistant (FR) clothing systems.
89

The equations in NFPA 70E-2009 provide more accurate methods
than tables for determining PPE requirements. System data and
studies are required. The equations are based upon limited fuse and
circuit breaker data.
Remember: PPE is the last line of defense. PPE cannot prevent all
injuries and will only lessen the impact of an arc flash. In many
cases the use of PPE has saved lives or prevented serious injury.
90
Arc Flash PPE Categories

Category 0
91
Untreated Cotton (Long Sleeve)

Untreated Cotton Pants (Long)
Voltage Rated Gloves
Safety Glasses
Hard Hat
Category 1
FR Long Sleeve Shirt
FR Pants (Long)
Safety Glasses
Hard Hat
92
Category 2
Untreated Cotton T-Shirt
Untreated Cotton Shirt (Long
Sleeve)
FR Shirt (Long Sleeve)
FR Pants (Long)
Safety Glasses
Hard Hat
Double Layer Bee Keepers
Hood
93
Category 3
Sleeve)
FR Pants (Long)
Safety Glasses
FR Hard Hat Liner
Hard Hat
Double Layer Bee Keepers Hood
Hearing Protection
94
Category 4
Sleeve)
FR Pants (Long)
FR Coveralls
Safety Glasses
FR Hard Hat Liner
Hard Hat
Double Layer Bee Keepers Hood
Hearing Protection
Reducing The Arc Flash Hazard

OSHA 1910.333 severely limits the situations in which work is
performed on or near equipment or circuits that are or may be
energized.
95

Exposure to arc flash can be limited in three ways:
1. Avoiding arc flash accidents:
a. Preventive Maintenance:
Rodents and birds entering panels and switchgear are not uncommon.
Use corrosion resistant terminals.
Check for loose connections and overheated terminals.
Insulate exposed metal parts if possible.
Make sure relays and breakers operate properly.
Pitting of contacts takes place when fuses are operated.
When a fuse melts, make sure that the fault has cleared before installing
a new fuse.
Wire harness for control and instrumentation should be kept in proper
condition.
Check for excessive moisture or water/ice on insulating surfaces of
equipment.
96

b. Working on Live Equipment
It is ALWAYS preferable to work on de-energized equipment, regardless of the
hazard risk category (HRC).
Use insulated tools.
Torque control.
Do not use paint, cleaning chemicals, spray, etc., on live exposed metal parts.
Use electrical insulated mat.
2. Reducing the level of arc energy released:

a. Reduce the fault level
Fault level can be reduced in the following ways:
Change system configurations to reduce available fault current/smaller
kVA transformers.
Current limiting fuses/breakers.
Current limiting reactors.
Arc Resistant Switchgear
97

b. Reduce the exposure time:
Reducing safety margin for relay and breaker operation with improved
solid state trip devices.
Bus differential protection to combine selectivity with instantaneous
operation.
Temporary instantaneous trip setting during work.
Retrofit time-overcurrent relays with delayed instantaneous trip device
if needed.
Optical sensor to trip breaker in the event of arc flash.
Use smaller fuse size if possible; smaller current limiting fuses may
clear faster. Fuses will generally be much faster than breakers at high
fault currents even ignoring current limiting effect this can greatly
reduce arc energy.
Protective device coordination study to balance improving reliability
with reducing arc flash hazard.
98
All breakers closed Fault Levels Very High Arc

Flash Very Severe
99
Selected breakers OPEN significantly reduces

Fault Levels Arc Flash Less Severe
100
101
Insulate the exposed conductors
102
Arc Resistant Switchgear
103

c. Remote operation
d. Remote racking
3. The proper use of personal protective equipment (PPE):
PPE is discussed before.
104
Questions?
105
End of Day 3
106

Arc Flash Training Presentation

Cargado por

Información del documento

Derechos de autor

Formatos disponibles

Compartir este documento

Compartir o incrustar documentos

Opciones para compartir

¿Le pareció útil este documento?

¿Este contenido es inapropiado?

Copyright:

Formatos disponibles

Arc Flash Training Presentation

Cargado por

Copyright:

Formatos disponibles

Arc Flash Training

Amman East Power Plant

What is Arc Flash?

Hot Air-Rapid Expansion

Causes of Electric Arcs:

a. Dust and impurities: Dust and impurities on insulating surfaces can

A First Degree Burn is red and sensitive to touch. There is minimal

A Third Degree Burn causes charring of skin and coagulation of

The intent of NFPA 70E regarding arc flash is to provide guidelines

The pressure of an arc blast is caused by the expansion of the

Revisions To The NFPA 70E

Revisions To The NFPA 70E

Revisions To The NFPA 70E

Personal protective equipment shall conform to the standard given in

Arc Flash Protective Equipment:

Electrically Safe Work Conditions

The equipment is not and cannot be energized:

To ensure an electrically safe work condition:

Electrically Safe Work Conditions

Achieving an Electrically Safe Work

Achieving an Electrically Safe Work

Energized Electrical Work Permit

Energized Electrical Work Permit

Flash Protection Boundary and

Definitions of Boundaries and Spaces

Flash Protection Boundary and

Approach/Flash Protection Boundaries

Flash Protection Boundary and

Flash Protection Boundary and

Flash Protection Boundary and

3 feet 6 inches for 480V

Flash Protection Boundary and

The closest distance to

To cross this boundary, the

Flash Protection Boundary and

Crossed ONLY by a qualified person,

EFCOG Electrical Safety Task Group

Flash Protection Boundary and

Flash Protection Boundary and

The distance from

Note: Distance may be

Flash Protection Boundary and

Flash Protection Boundary and

Flash Protection Boundary and

Flash Protection Boundary and

Flash Protection Boundary and

NFPA 70E Boundaries and Spaces

NFPA 70E Boundaries and Spaces

The incident energy exposure level

NFPA 70E Boundaries and Spaces

NFPA 70E, Section 130.3(B)(1)states:

Flash Protection Calculations

The Incident Energy and Flash Protection Boundary can be

There are two methods:

Flash Protection Calculations

Flash Protection Calculations

System voltage (KV)

Bolted fault current (KA)

Gap between electrodes (mm)

Equipment enclosure type

Open air, box, MCC, panel,

Undergrounded, grounded, high

Flash Protection Calculations

Flash Protection Calculations