Documentos de Académico
Documentos de Profesional
Documentos de Cultura
cular and
Renal
Disease
Febia Karunia
Group A 2010
1006658663
CARDIOVASCULA
R DISEASE
Cardiovascular disease
(CVD) is the leading
cause of mortality in the
world, representing over
29% of all global death.
The largest proportion of
this high mortality is
attributed to coronary
artery disease (CAD) or
coronary heart disease
(CHD).
HYPERTENSION
Systolic BP
(mmHg)
Diastolic BP
(mmHg)
Normal
< 120
And
< 90
Prehypertension
120 139
Or
80 89
Stage 1 Hypertension
140 159
Or
90 99
Stage 2 Hypertension
160
Or
100
Hypertension
Primary
95% is unknown cause
Secondary
Renal
Disorders
Renal parenchymal
disease
Renovascular
disease
Renin-producing
tumors
Primary sodium
retention
Endocrinologic
Disturbances
Thyroid disease
Adrenal disorders
Carcinoid
Exogenous
hormones
Remaining
Causes
Aortic coarctation
Complication of pregnancy
Neurologic causes
Acute stress
Alcohol ingestion
Nicotine use
Increased intravascular volume
Use of drugs (cyclosporine or
tacrolimus
EXAMINATION
Physical
Examinations
Palpation of the
peripheral pulses
Auscultation of the
abdomen
Funduscopic
assessment
Laboratory Tests
Hemoglobin
Urinalysis
Routine blood
chemistries
A fasting lipid
profile
(Total and highdensity lipoporotein
cholesterol and
trigycerides
Additional Tests
Electrocardiography
Echocardiography
Ambulatory BP
monitoring
Plasma renin activity
testing
Radiographic testing
MANAGEMENT
Lifestyle Modifications
Weight reduction
Adopt DASH eating plan
Reduction intake of sodium,
fats, cholesterol foods
Regular physical activity
Limited alcohol intake
Antihypertensive Agents
Diuretics (thiazide diuretics)
-blockers
Calcium channel blockers
Angiotensin-converting
enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs)
Angiotensin II receptor
blockers (ARBs)
Direct vasodilators
A chronic reduction in
coronary blood flow and oxygen supply
Risk factors:
Lipids, hypertension, Glucose Intolerance and Diabetes Mellitus,
Cigarette Smoking, Lifestyle and Dietary Factors, Exercise, Obesity,
Vitamins and Homocysteine, Plasma Fibrinogen, Antioxidants,
Endothelial Dysfunction
Symptoms
Chest tightness, jaw discomfort, left arm pain, dyspnea, epigastric
disease
Diagnostic Testing
ECG, Coronary angiography, Myocardial perfusion imaging, Stress
echocardiography
Management
Patient with a small ishcemic burden, normal exercise tolerance, and
normal LV function : pharmacologic therapy (Aspirin, b-blockers, ACEIs,
HMG CoA reductase inhibitors)
Patient with angina : addition of nitrates and calcium channel blockers
Patient with symptoms of chronic ischemia : Percutaneous coronary
intervention (PCI) with percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty
(PTCA) and Intracoronary stenting
HEART FAILURE
Infiltrative disorders
Hypertension
Toxins
(chemotheurapetic
agents)
Idiopathic dilated
cardiomyopathy
Metabolic disorders
(hypothyroidism)
Hyperthropic
cardiomyopathy
Valvular heart
disease
Alcohol
Pericardial disease
Diabetes
Incessant
tachyarrythmia
High-output states
The inability of
cardiovascular
system to meet
the demands
(blood supply)
of the endorgans (body)
Symptoms
Classic symptoms : dyspnea, orthopnea, paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea
Nonspecific complaints : chest discomfort, fatigue, palpitations, ,
dizziness, syncope
Signs
Rapid, & shallow breathing, inspiratory rales, heart murmur, distended
neck veins, large & tender liver, peripheral edema, jaundice
Physical examination
Cardiac percussion and palpation, auscultation, chest radiography, ECG,
transthoracic echocardiography (TTE), nuclear imaging techniques,
cardiac catheterization
ARRYTHMIA
Arrhythmia
Tachyarrhythmias
Heart rate > 100 bpm
Bradyarrhythmias
Heart rate < 60 bpm
Signs:
Slow heart rate (< 60 bpm)
Fast heart rate (>100 bpm)
Irregular rhythm
Symptoms:
Palpitations, fatigue
Dizziness, syncope, angina
Congestive heart failure (shortness of breath, orthopnea,
peripheral edema)
The ECG is the primary tool used in the identification and
diagnosis of cardiac arrhythmias.
Management:
Patients with asymptomatic arrhythmias : no therapy
Patient with symptomatic arrhythmias : treated first with
medications
Patients who do not respond to medications : treated by
cardioversion, ablation, or implanted pacemaker or ICD
Patients with certain arrhythmias : surgery
Any tachyarrhythmias that compromise hemodynamics
or are life-threatening : Emergency cardioversion
RENAL DISEASE
Kidney functions:
Maintaining a stable internal
environment (homeostasis)
Regulating the acid-base and
fluid-electrolyte balances of the
body by filtering blood
Selectively reabsorbing water
and electrolytes
Excreting urine
Excrete metabolic waste
products (urea, creatinine, and
uric acid)
Secreting renin, the active form
of vitamin D, and erythropoietin
Nephron destroyed
Do not regenerate
Hypertrophy of the remaining functional units
Diagnostic procedures:
Serum chemistry
Urinalysis
Creatinin clearance test
Intravenous pyelography
Renal ultrasonography
CT-MRI
Biopsy
ARF
Onset
CRF
Renal Failure
Prerenal
Location
Renal
Postrenal
Acute Intrinsic
Renal Failure
The 3 major causes:
Glomerular disease,
vascular disease,
and tubulointerstitial
disease
MEDICAL MANAGEMENT
Conservative Care
Hemodialysis
The removal of nitrogenous and
toxic products of metabolism
from the blood by means of a
hemodialyzer system
Exchange occurs between the
patients plasma and dialysate
across a semipermeable
membrane that allows uremic
toxins to diffuse out of the
plasma while retaining the
formed elements and protein
composition of blood
Peritoneal dialysis
Access to the body is achieved
via a catheter through the
abdominal wall into the
peritoneum
One to two liters of dialysate is
placed in the peritoneal cavity
and is allowed to remain for
varying intervals of time
Substances diffuse across the
semipermeable peritoneal
membrane into the dialysate
THANK YOU
Questions
and
Answers
2a) Perawatan emergensi apa yang bisa dilakukan ketika ada pasien gagal
jantung di DU? Apa yang harus dilakukan dan tidak dilakukan?
2b) Radiograf untuk tes hipertensi itu bagaimana sistemnya?
(Martyn)
2a) emergensi yang bisa dilakukan:
P: posisikan pasien dalam posisi supine dan coba sadarkan pasien dengan
menepuk dan berteriak. Hubungi 911
C: cek nadi pasien <10 detik, jika tidak ada lakukan kompresi
A: buat jalur napas dengan posisi head tilt-chin lift
B: lakukan pertukaran udara pada paru-paru pasien dengan penggunaan
masker Ambubag
D: gunakan defibrilator jika ada
E: monitor tanda-tanda vital, administrasi obat-obatan, dan respon pasien
F: bawa pasien ke rumah sakit
Pemberian
2b) Tes radiograf untuk pasien hipertensi disertai kelainan ginjal
pada
kebanyakan kasus terjadinya infeksi virus atau bakteri sehingga
mengakibatkan endokarditis. Namun yang lebih penting adalah
tetap menjaga OH karena infeksi virus dan bakteri juga bisa
datang dari aktivitas rutin salah satunya menyikat gigi
Perawatan gigi yang beresiko:
oEkstraksi 10-100%
oBedah periodontal 36-88%
oScaling dan root planing 8-80%
oProsedur endodontik 20%