QUIZ

Q1-What is perceptual expectancy?

give daily life examples.

Q2-Explain extra sensory

perception?

Q3-What is perceptual constancy?

Assignment
Q-What is emotion?
Explain the theories of
emotion?

Article
Cultural influence on
Emotion
Motivatio
n
What is motivation?
Motivation is a desire to achieve a
goal, combined with the energy to
work towards that goal.
Motivation is the inner power or
energy that pushes one toward
performing a certain action.

Motivation has much to do with

desire and ambition, and if they
are absent, motivation is absent
too.
►Motivation is present
whenever there is a clear
vision, precise knowledge of
what one wants to do, a strong
desire and faith in one's
abilities.
 Rules of Motivation
► 1-Set a major goal, but follow a
path.

The path has mini goals that go in many

directions. When you learn to succeed at mini
goals, you will be motivated to challenge
grand goals. Set a goal. If you have a major
goal, it would be a good idea if you split it into
several minor goals, each leading to your
major goal.
 2-Finish what you start

A half finished project is of no use to

anyone.
Quitting is a habit. Develop the habit of
finishing self-motivated projects.
 3-Socialize with others of
similar interest.
► Mutual support is motivating. We will
develop the attitudes of our best
friends.
► If they are losers, we will be a loser. If
they are winners, we will be a winner.
 4-Learn how to learn.

► Dependency on others for knowledge

supports the habit of procrastination.
► In fact, when we learn the art of self-
education we will find, if not create,
opportunity to find success beyond our
wildest dreams.
 5-Harmonize natural talent
with interest that motivates.

► Naturaltalent creates motivation,

motivation creates persistence and
persistence gets the job done.
 6-Increase knowledge of
subjects that inspires.

► Themore we know about a subject,

the more we want to learn about it.
 7-Take risk.

► Failure
and bouncing back are
elements of motivation. Failure is a
learning tool. No one has ever
succeeded at anything worthwhile
without a string of failures.
 Motivational conflicts
►Two motives are said to be in conflict
when the satisfaction of one leads to
the inability to act on the other-----

►Researches have identified four

basic kind of motivational conflicts.
 1-Approach-Approach
Conflicts
►Occur when you are equally attracted to
two or more possible activities or goals.

►Two desirable things are wanted, but only

one option can be chosen ( example:
desirable party \Or test) "I want this but I
also want that."
 Avoidance- avoidance
Conflict
►Avoidance- avoidance Conflict which require
you to choose between “the lesser of two
evils” occur when you dislike two alternatives.

►Two unattractive alternatives ( example:

study or to serve the guest "I don't want This
and I don't want that.
 Approach- Avoidance
Conflict
attractive and unattractive parts to
both sides "I want this but I don't
want what this entails“

►Occur when one activity or goal

has both a positive and a
negative aspect.
 Multiple-Approach- Avoidance
Conflict

►Occur in a situation that offer

several possible choices, each
containing advantages and
disadvantages.
 Theories of motivation
► InstinctTheory
► Arousal Theory
► Drive Theory
► Incentive Theory
► Cognitive Theory
► Humanistic Theory
 Instinct theory

►Instinct theory is a theory that

all actions, thoughts, and intents
can be traced back to being
caused by instinct.
►An instinct is a fixed
pattern of behavior that is
unlearned, universal within
a species, and ‘released’ by
a specific set of conditions.
 Arousal Theory

► Arousal theory states that we are

driven to maintain a certain level of
arousal in order to feel comfortable. 
► Arousal refers to a state of emotional,
intellectual, and physical activity. 
 Drive theory
 
According to drive theory, physiological
needs that arise within the body create
an unpleasant state of tension, which
motivates or drives the organism to
behave in ways that reduce the need
and return the body to a balanced, less
tense state (what we call
homeostasis).
A prime example would be the
internal feelings of hunger or
thirst, which motivates us to eat. 
According to this theory, we are
driven to reduce these drives so
that we may maintain a sense of
internal calmness.
 Incentive theory
► Incentive Theory
 People are motivated to behave in ways
that produce a valued incentive
 Incentives work when we expect that we
can gain the incentive and when we value
the incentive
 Cognitive Theory

► The cognitive approach to motivation

emphasizes thinking and perceptual
interpretation. As individual learn that
certain behaviors lead to certain goals,
they develop cognitive expectancies
that motivates them to exhibit that
behaviors.
 Maslow’s humanistic
theory
► Thebest way to describe this theory is to utilize the
famous pyramid developed by Abraham Maslow
(1970) called the Hierarchy of Needs. 
► Maslow believed that humans have specific needs
that must be met and that if lower level needs go
unmet, we can not possible strive for higher level
needs. 
►The Hierarchy of Needs shows
that at the lower level, we must
focus on basic issues such as food,
sleep, and safety.  Without food,
without sleep, how could we
possible focus on the higher level
needs such as respect, education,
and recognition.
 Stimulus
motives
►Stimulus motives cause the
individual to seek out sensory
stimulation through interaction
with the environment.
 Exploration and
Curiosity
►the curiosity motive cause us
to seek out a certain amount
of novelty and complexity, and
with no other apparent
motivation we seek out and
explore new environments.
 Competence
►The motivational theory of
competence states that people
are motivated to interact
successfully with the
environment.

►Extrinsic and Intrinsic motivation

 Learned social motives
 Henry Murray developed a list
of human needs that are
basically learned social motives.
 achievement
► Needto master difficult challenges,
outperform others, & meet high
standards
 Behavior depends on.
 Power
 affiliation
End