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ANEMIA

Point of discuss
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Definition
Signs and Symptoms
Type of Anemia
Classification of Anemia
Investigation of Anemia
Management of Anemia
Non Pharmacologic management

WHAT IS ANEMIA ?
According WHO, Anemia is a medical
condition in which the red blood cell count or
hemoglobin is less than normal.

Signs and Symptoms


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2.
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Pale Skin
Fatigue easily
Headache
Coldness in hands and feet
Short of breath

Type Of Anemia
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2.

3.
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Iron Deficiency
.
excessive loss of iron
.
Women are at risk (For menstrual blood and growing fetus)
Megaloblastic
.
Less intake of vitamin B 12 and folic acid
.
Red bone marrow produces abnormal RBC. e.g cancer drugs
Pernicious
.
Inability of stomach to absorb vitamin B 12 in small intestine.
Hemorrhagic
.
Excessive loss of RBC through bleeding,stomach ulcers,menstruation
Hemolytic
.
RBC plasma membrane ruptures maybe due to parasites,toxics,antibodies
Aplastic anemia
.
destruction of red bone marrow
.
caused by toxics,gamma radiation.

Classification Of Anemia
1.

Normocytic anemia (normal cell volume): Mean Corposcular volume (MCV) is in the
normal range (80-100)
These include:
.
anemias of chronic disease
.
hemolytic anemias (those characterized by accelerated destruction of rbc's)
.
anemia of acute hemorrhagie
.
aplastic anemias (those characterized by disappearance of rbc precursors from the
marrow)
Microcytic anemia (low cell volume) : Mean Corposcular volume (MCV) is low (less than
80).
These include :
.
iron deficiency anemia
.
thalassemias
.
anemia of chronic diseases
Macrocytic anemia (large cell volume) : Mean Corposcular volume (MCV) is high (over
100 fL)
These include:
.
vitamin B12 deficiency
.
folate deficiency

Investigations

2.

1.Quantitative Parameters
a.
Hematocrit : It is the proportion of the volume of
blood sample that is occupied by RBCs. Men -4252% Women -36-48%
b.
Hemoglobin concentration : It is the amount of
hemoglobin per unit volume of blood. Women 12-16gms/dl Men - 14-17 gms/dl
c.
Red cell concentration per unit volume : Total
number of Red Cells per unit volume of blood
sample. Men - 4.2-5.4*106//mm3 Women3.6-5.0* 106/mm3
Qualitative Parameters
d.
Mean corpuscular volume : It is the average
volume a RBC. Normal 82-98mm3or 82-98fL
e.
Mean corpuscular hemoglobin : It is the
average hemoglobin content per RBC. Normal
value is 27 to 31 pL
f.
Mean
corpuscular
hemoglobin

Management
1. Determine the cause of iron deficiency
The etiology is often multifactorial; even when there
is an obvious cause, investigation of serious
underlying causes (e.g.cancer in adults) is
recommended.
2. Aim of treatment
Normalize hemoglobin levels and red cell indices;
replenish iron stores. Individualize disease-specific
management depending on underlying cause
3. Lifestyle Management
Lifestyle Management It is recommended that
patients with iron deficiency receive dietary advice .

Non Pharmacologic management


1. Tea and coffe
Tea and coffee inhibit iron absorption when consumed with a
meal or shortly after a meal.
2 Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid)
Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) is also a powerful enhancer of iron
absorption from nonmeat foods when consumed with a meal.
The size of the vitamin C effect on iron absorption increases
with the quantity of vitamin C in the meal
3 Germination and fermentation of cereals and legumes
Germination and fermentation of cereals and legumes
improve the bioavailability of iron by reducing the content of
phytate, a substance in food that inhibits iron absorption.
4 Promote and support exclusive breastfeeding
Promote and support exclusive breastfeeding for about 6
months followed by breastfeeding with appropriate
complementary foods, including iron-rich through the second
year of life.

THANK YOU

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