BABUR

INTRODUCTION
Daulat Khan Lodi (A cousin of Sultan Ibrahim) unsatisfied
by the Sultans rule, persuaded Zahiruddin Muhammad
to invade India and defeat the Sultan. So, at the Great
Battle Of Panipat Ibrahim Lodis large army was
defeated by Babur and a new dynasty was founded by
Babur:

THE GREAT MUGHAL DYNASTY

The Battle of
Panipat

EARLY LIFE
Babur was born on 14 February 1483 in the town of
Andijan in the Fergana Valley in Uzbekistan. He belonged
to
the Mongol tribe that also embraced Turkish and Persian.
Babur is a Arabic word meaning tiger, the nickname given
to him because of his attitude shown in battle. His actual
name was Zahiruddin Muhammad, yet he was commonly
known as Babur. Babur is said to have been born,
extremely strong and physically
fit. He could
allegedly carry two men, one on each of his shoulders,
and then climb slopes on the run, just for exercise.
Legend
holds that Babur swam across
every majorriver he encountered.
At the age of 11
Babur, succeeded his father, Omar Sheikh Mirza.

BABUR , THE TIGER

The Reign of Babur

(1526-1530)
Babur

established his empire after

defeating Ibrahim Lodi at the Battle of
Panipat, the Rajputs under Rana Sanga of
Mewar at the battle of Kanwar and the
consolidated Afghans chiefs at the banks
of river Ghagra. His kingdom extended
from Kabul and Kandhahar in the northwest to Bihar in the east and from the
Himalayas in the north to Gwalior in the
south. However he was not able enjoy the
fruits of his hard-earned victories.Still,his
rule was a brilliant one and had a great
influence on Arts and Architecture in
India. However , after only 4 years of his
rule he died And his son, Humayun
became emperor after him.

Baburs
expansio
n in India

Baburs successor Humayun

BABURS INTERESTS
Babur

the Moghul had many interests.

His memoirs reflect that he had an interest
in reading, society, hunting, nature, politics and
economics. He had ideas about architecture,
administration, and civilization
Although Babur ruled only four years, his love of
nature led him to create gardens of great beauty
which became an intrinsic part of every Mughal
fort, palace and state buildings during the
centuries that followed. While alive, Emperor Babur
laid out the classical Moghul-style gardens located
on a high point in west Kabul which comprised a
series of beautiful landscaped hillside terraces

BABURS
INTERESTS

Babur enjoying
Hunting

BABURS ACHIEVEMENTS

The achievements of Babur can be stated as follows:

Babur established the Mughal dynasty in India by defeating
Ibrahim Lodi, the last Delhi Sultan, bringing an end to the Delhi
Sultanate, in the 1st Battle of Panipath in 1526 AD.
In 1527 AD, Babur defeated the Rajput confederacy formed by
Rana Sangram Singh of Mewar along with a number of Rajput
kingdoms like Marwar, Gwalior, Ajmeer, Ambar, etc. under the
leadership of Mahmud Lodi, the brother of Ibrahim Lodi, in the
Battle of Khanua.
In 1529 AD, Babur defeated the Eastern Afghans i.e. of Bengal,
Bihar, Assam, Orissa, etc., who has formed a powerful alliance with
Mahmud Lodi, in the Battle of Gogra. It temporarily weakened the
anti-Babur strategies and saved the fledgling Mughal reign.
Due to the conquests of Babur, the Mughal empire extended from
Kabul in the west to Gogra in the east, from the Himalayas in the
north to Gwalior in the south.
Babur was a great patron of cultural activities, and welcomed

BABURS VICTORIES
Babur as well as being a brilliant conqueror
and warrior, was also very clever. For
example he divided his empire into a brilliant
military state. He also used firearms
(cannons, matchlock pistols etc) to win
numerous numbers of battles

The Battle Of Panipat

In the year 1526, thefirst Battle of Panipat took place at
Panipat, few miles away from Delhi. Babur had only twelve
thousands army while the opponent SultanIbrahim Lodi; the
Sultan ofDelhihad a much larger force. Babur was equipped
with more advanced weapons, both matchlock men and field
cannon, which proved to be very useful against the Afghan
cavalry. Like the other Indian rulers Lodi was not also
introduced with firearms. Ibrahim Lodi was killed in the battle
along with dozens of other Indian chiefs. Babur emerged
victorious and occupied Delhi. Then he sent his son Humayun
to Agra, the capital of Lodi to capture the Royal palace and the
treasure. Shortly after that Babur joinedHumayunatAgra,
distributed the seized treasures among his followers. Then he
ascended the throne of Agra and turned it to his capital.

The Battle Of Khanua

The very next war there was a battle between Babur and Rajput
confederacy at Khanua. The Rajputswere led by Rana Sanga, ruler
of the State of Mewar inRajastan. The Rajput cavalry was huge with
eighty thousand soldiers and five hundred armored war elephants
while the Mughal force was much smaller in size. But Babur had
guns and the cavalry was well practiced with Central Asian tactics,
which proved to be very effective against the Rajput. This battle also
brought victory to Babur. Rana Sanga and many other renowned
Rajput leaders died at battle of Khanua that ended the possibility of
resurgence of Rajput power in the north India. In the year 1528
Babur marched to the great bastion of Chanderi, which was the fort
of a feudal leader under the Rana of Mewar. The Mughal army
attacked the fort and slaughtered many lives there.

BATTLE OF GHAGRA
Although

the Rajput menace was removed, there were still the Afghans who had to
be subdued. Mahmud Lodi, a brother of Ibrahim Lodi, had fled and taken refuge in
Bihar and established his position there. He had a large army estimated at about one
lakh strong. Supported by this army, he went to Banaras and from there to Chunar.
When he laid siege to Chunar, Babur sent his own son Askari against Mahmud Lodi
and later on himself marched against him.
When the Afghans came to know of the movements of Babur, they raised the siege
of the Chunar and withdrew. On his way to Buxar through Allahabad, Chunar and
Banaras, a number of Afghan Chiefs offered their submission to Babur. Mahmud Lodi
had taken refuge in Bengal. Althouth its Ruler Nusrat Shah had assured Babur of his
friendship, Babur decided to put an end to ti, Afghan menace, even at the risk of a
war and marched towards Bengal. The Battle of Ghagra was fought on 6 May, 1529
and the Afghans were completely defeated. Babur's artillery rendered him great
service in his action against the Afghans. The defeat of Ghagra was final so far as the
Lodis were concerned. Babur entered into a Treaty with Nusrat Shah by which both
the parties agreed to respect each other's sovereignty and Nusrat Shah agreed not
to give shelter to the enemies of Babur in future.
It was in this way that "in three battles Babur had reduced Northern India to
submission." The rest of his life was spent in organizing the administration of the
provinces which formed his new kingdom. His system was purely feudal. He divided
his territory into a large number of Jagirs and those were distributed among his
officers.

THE TIGER IN BATTLES

Arts and Architecture

Mughal

Architecture influenced greatly in Baburs rule.

Mughal architecture under Babur was a beginning of
an imperial movement, impressed by local influences.
Baburs elegant and stylish buildings evolved
gradually because of the gifted artists in those
provinces.
Babur constructed many mosques around India,
mostly taken from desecrated Hindu temples. Three of
the famous mosques are the Babri Mosque, The
Partnipat Mosque and The Jama Masjid.

 Babri Mosque:

The Babri mosque was built in Ayodhya,

a city in Faizabad. It was constructed in 1527. The
Mosque was also called Masjid-i-Janmasthan which means
City Of The Birthplace. The Babri Mosque was one of the
largest mosques in Uttar Padesh. he Babri Masjid was a large
imposing structure with three domes, one central and two
secondary. It is
surrounded by two high
walls, running parallel to each other and enclosing a large
centralcourtyard with a deep well, which was known for its cold
and sweet water. On the high entrance of the domed structure
are fixed two stone tablets which bear two inscriptions in
Persian declaring that this structure was built by oneMir
Baqion the orders of Babur. The walls of the Babri Mosque are
made of
coarse-grained whitish sandstone blocks, rectangular
in shape, while the domes are made of thin and small
burnt bricks. Both these structural ingredients are
plastered with thick chunam paste mixed with coarse
sand. It was destroyed in 1992in a riot by a political rally.

Bagh-e-Babur: TheGardens of Babur locally calledBaghe-Babur is a historic park inKabul, Afghanistan, and also the
last resting-place of the firstMughalemperorBabur. The
gardens are thought to have been developed around 1528
AD. The site of Bagh e Babur is thought to be that of the
"paradise. It is one of several gardens that Babur had laid
out for recreation and pleasure during his life, while
choosing this site as his last restingplace. Initially buried in
Agra, Babur's body was laid to rest in the 1540s in the
garden.

Baburs tomb inside the garden

Panipat Mosque:
The mosque that Babur himself provided is located in
Panipat, presently laced in Karnal District of
Haryana State. Inscriptions indicate that the
mosque was not set of well into motion. The
structure of the mosque is now gone, and the
location was not found, until later. The mosque has
a rectangular prayer chamber which is dominated
by a large central dome. The northwest and the
southwest corners of the mosque were marked by
octagonal towers crowned by domed pavilions,
although only one survives. It was completed
in 1528 by Babur.

BABUR
THE
WARRIOR

THE BABURNAMA
The

main source for Babur's biography is a written account of his

life, written by Babur himself. His memoirs are known as
theBaburnamaand are considered the first trueautobiographyin
Islamic literature. He wrote theBburnmainChaghatai Turkic, his
mother-tongue, though his prose was highly Persianized in its
sentence structure, morphology, and vocabulary. [4]The work gives a
valuable impression of Babur's surrounding environment. [9]

have not written all this to complain: I have simply written the
truth. I do not intend by what I have written to compliment myself: I
have simply set down exactly what happened. Since I have made it a
point in this history to write the truth of every matter and to set
down no more than the reality of every event, as a consequence I
have reported every good and evil I have seen of father and brother
and set down the actuality of every fault and virtue of relative and
stranger. May the reader excuse me; may the listener take me not to
task.

THINGS BABUR WROTE IN THE BABURNAMA

He

is said to have created several pillars and pyramids of skulls

Babur is frank and open, but tends to describe actions
rather than motivations. TheBaburnamadoes, however,
extend far beyond the military and political history
summarised above. Babur includes descriptions of many of the
places he visits and is interested in flora and fauna and
techniques of hunting, fishing, and agriculture; there are also
set-piece geographical overviews of Fergana, Transoxiana, and
the area around Kabul, as well
as a twenty page description of Hindustan. And on a few
occasions he describes events at a distance, outside his
own direct experience
Babur writes extensively about people, including personal
followers he wants to honour as well as more prominent
figures.

bur enjoying feast at Herat

Babur visiting Hindustan

Babur in Andijan

Babur and his companions warming

burs expedition to Uzabekistan
Babur nama was an action-packed and

BABURS WEAKNESSES
Babur

the emperor did not have many

weaknesses except that he was a strong
addict of alchohol and opium like his
ancestors. Later, when Babur became
very ill and was on his deathbed many
historians think that he became ill
because of taking too much opium.
Babur did not have any political nor
religious weaknesses either.

Baburs Defeats
The
The

Battle Of Kul-i-Malik:

battle of Kul-i-Malik (May 1512) was a defeat

forBabur that forced him to abandon Samarkand.
The details of the battle are sadly obscure. It took
place during one of a number of gaps in Babur's own
memoirs, so his account is missing. . Babur was
forced to abandon Tamerlane's city for the third and
final time, and flee to Hisar. His supports attempted
to hold out in Tashkent and Sairam, although both
places eventually fell to the Uzbeks. Babur was able
to hold on to Hisar for long enough for a Persian army
to reach him, but after this army was defeated
atGhaj-davan on 12 November 1512Babur was
forced to return to his Afghan kingdom.

BABURS DEATH
After

Babur fell seriously ill, Humayun was told of a plot by the

senior nobles of Babur's court to bypass the leader's sons and
appointMahdi Khwaja, Babur's sister's husband, as his succeBABURS TOMB
ssor. He rushed to Agra and arrived there to see his father was well enough again,
although Mahdi Khwaja had lost all hope of becoming ruler after arrogantly
exceeding his authority during Babur's illness. Upon his arrival in Agra it was
Humayun himself who fell ill, and was close to dying.
Babur is said to have circled the sick-bed, crying to God to take his life and not his
son's. The traditions that follow this tell that Babur soon fell ill with a fever and
Humayun began to get better again. His last words apparently being to his son,
Humayun, "Do nothing against your brothers, even though they may deserve it."
He died at the age of 47 on January 5[O.S.26 December 1530]1531, and was
succeeded by his eldest son,Humayun. Though he wished to be buried in his
favourite garden in Kabul, a city he had always loved, he was first buried in
aMausoleumin the capital city ofAgra. Roughly nine years later his wishes were
fulfilled bySher Shah Suriand Babur was buried inBagh-e Babur(Babur Gardens)
in Kabul,Afghanistan. The inscription on his tomb reads (inPersian):
If there is a paradise on earth, it is this, it is this, it is this!
Babur is considered a national hero inUzbekistanandKyrgyzstan,and is held in
high esteem in Afghanistan where he is buried. In October 2005 thePakistan
militarydeveloped theBabur (cruise missile), named in honour of him.

Baburs tomb and location

urs tomb inside the Bagh-e-Babur

Baburs tomb is inside the

Gardens of Babur

Baburs grave

Babur died and his son Humayun was enthrone

Downfall Of The Mughal Dynasty

After

Emperor Aurangzeb's death in 1707, the empire fell into succession crisis.
BarringMuhammad Shah, none of the Mughal emperors could hold on to power
for a decade. In the 18th century, the Empire suffered the depredations of
invaders likeNadir Shahof Persia andAhmed Shah Abdaliof Afghanistan, who
repeatedly sackedDelhi, the Mughal capital. Most of the empire's territories in
India passed to the Marathas,Nawabs , andNizamsbyc.1750. The Mughal
Emperors lost effective power in favor of the British after theBattle of Buxarin
1764.In 1804, the ineffectiveShah Alam IIformally accepted the protection of
theBritish East India Company. The company had already begun to refer to the
weakened emperor as "King of Delhi", rather than "Emperor of India". The once
glorious and mighty Mughal army was disbanded in 1805 by the British; only the
guards of theRed Fortwere spared to serve with the King of Delhi, which
avoided the uncomfortable implication that British sovereignty was outranked
by the Indian monarch. Nonetheless, for a few decades afterward theBritish
East India Companycontinued to rule the areas under its control as the nominal
servants of the emperor and in his name. After theRevolt of 1857, even these
courtesies were disposed. The rebels declared their allegiance to Shah Alam's
descendant,Bahadur Shah II which led to a protractedSiege of Delhi, after
which the victorious British abolished the institution altogether with transfer of
authority to the British crown. The last Mughal emperor was deposed and exiled
toBurma, where he died in 1862.

British Soldiers looting Qaisar Bagh

Decline Of Mughal Era

END OF MUGHAL ERA

Bahadur Shah Zafar 2 surrending to Britishs

Bahadur Shah Zafar 2

EXTRAS