BONE

DEVELOMENT

dr. Indriati Dwi Rahayu

Dept. Of Anatomy-Histology
University of Brawijaya Malang

FUNCTION & COMPOSITION

BONE CLASSIFICATION
OSTEOGENESIS
REGULATION


FUNCTION

FUNCTION & COMPOSITION

5 MAIN FUNCTIONS:
1. Support (give body shape and structure)
2. Protection (protect internal organs)
3. Movement (joints allow for motion)
4. Mineral storage (calcium, phosphorus)
5. Blood cell production (marrow)

COMPOSITION
water (25%)
organic constituents (25%): incl.

osteoid (the carbon containing part of the matrix)

bone cells

inorganic constituents, mainly calcium phosphate

(~ 50%).

A Chemical Analysis of Bone

COMPONENT
Matrix Intercellular : acidophilic
* Fibers : type I collagen; in overlapping pattern
* Ground substance
ORGANIC : proteoglycan, glycoprotein, keratan sulfates
ANORGANIC : * Calcium

* Phosphate

Ca-phosphate amorph (hydroxyapatite)

- bicarbonate, sitrat, Mg, K, Na

CELLS

FUNCTION & COMPOSITION

BONE CLASSIFICATION
OSTEOGENESIS
REGULATION

Based on textures:
Spongious bone (trabecular bone, cancellous bone, spongy)
Compact bone (dense bone, cortical bone)
Based on matrix arrangement :
Woven bone (primary bone tissue):
Lamellar bone (secondary bone tissue):
Based on maturities :
Immature bone (primary bone tissue): Immature bone is woven bone.
Mature bone (secondary bone tissue). Mature bone characteristically
is lamellar bone.
Based on histogenesis
Intramembranous bone (mesenchymal bone)
Intracartilaginous bone (cartilage bone, endochondral bone)

Based on textures:
Sponge bone (trabecular bone,
cancellous bone)

Can be primary on secondary

Compact bone (dense

bone, cortical bone)

Must be secondary

Trabecular ;
lamellar

COMPACT bone
always as secondary bone
Trabecula <<

DISTRIBUTION :
Long Bones :
[epiphysis] spongious, covered by a
thin layer of compact bone

[diaphysis] almost totally composed

of compact bone, with a small
component of spongy bone on its
inner surface around the bone
marrow cavity.

Flat bone :
two layers of compact bone
called plates (tables),
separated by a layer of spongy
bone called the diploe.

irregular bone:
a core of spongy bone
completely surrounded by
compact bone

FUNCTION & COMPOSITION

BONE CLASSIFICATION
OSTEOGENESIS
REGULATION

HISTOGENESIS
HISTOGENESIS

Tulang PRIMER
PRIMER
Tulang
(Wovenbone)
(Wovenbone)

Tulang SEKUNDER
SEKUNDER
Tulang
(Lamellar bone)
bone)
(Lamellar

INTRAMEMBRANOUS

ENDOCHONDRAL
Penulangan
Penulangan

Penulangan
Penulangan
Ossification
Intramembranous
Intramembranous

Endochondral
Ossification
Endochondral

INTRAMEMBRANOUS OSSIFICATION
They formed directly into bone ( de novo)
the Skull bones ( flat bones) were NEVER cartilage!
the source of most of the flat bones
also contributes to the growth of short bones and the
thickening of long bones.
The ossification centers of a bone grow radially and
finally fuse together, replacing the original connective tissue

 Primary ossification center (starting point for ossification)

1. condensation of mesenchymal cells differentiate
osteoblast
2. osteoblast produce bone matrix and calcification
(Osteoid) encapsulation of some

follows

osteoblasts

osteocytes
3. islands of developing bone = TRABECULAE
4. Walls delineate elongated cavities containing capillaries,
bone marrow cells, and undifferentiated cells
5. Several such groups arise almost simultaneously at the
ossification center, so that the fusion of the walls gives the
bone a spongy structure.

Blue arrow - mesenchymal cells

Green arrow - osteocytes
Red arrow - Bone from Intramembraneous
Oss. = trabeculae

ENDOCHONDRAL OSSIFICATION
takes place within a piece of hyaline cartilage whose
shape resembles a model of the bone to be formed
Bone matrix deposition in the cartilage matrix
Epiphysis remains cartilaginous and continues to grow
Secondary ossification center (Forms spongy bone)
Compact bone deposited in diaphysis by primary
ossification center
Spongy bone deposited in epiphysis by secondary
ossification center
responsible for the formation of short and long bones

1. Hyalin Cartilage Model

2. Periostal bone collar
- capillary invasion to the
perichondrium
- mesenchyme
osteoprogenitor
osteoblast secrete
matrix spiculae fusi
periostal bone collar
(Mx : intramembranous)

3. Chondrocyte near the collar PROLIFERATE isogenous groups

parallel to the bones long axis.
Chondrocyte HIPERTROPHY (large, rounded) not separated
by matrix superlacuna
CALCIFICATION of cartilage matrix between the superlacuna
difusion failed hypertropic chondrocytes die
Formation of the primary marrow cavity (by chondroclast)

4. Periostal Bud penetrate the

primary marrow cavity, bring
the cells on the cartilage
matrix surface

5. OSSIFICATION : osteoid
deposition mineralization.
primary bone.
the calcified cartilage appears basophilic,
and the primary bone is eosinophilic

6. Secondary ossification center

in epiphyses

Zona2 pd Epiphyseal
cartilage + METAPHYSIS
Epiphyseal plate

OSSIFICATION CENTERS
- In long bones :
* primer : mid
* sekunder : epi
enlarge seperated by epiphyseal plate
* tertiary ossification center : form the bony tubercles,
ridges for attachment of muscles, ligament

 SECONDARY BONE TISSUE (Mature = lamellar)

* by REMODELLING
* Feat : - collagen fibers positioned parallel eachother

Osteon/Sistem Havers

REMODELLING
osteoclast erode the primary bone matrix cavities
Invasion the cavities by blood vessel, nerve, & lymphvessel
Deposit osteogenic cells (from perivascular) on the cavity wall
Differentiated to osteoblast + osteocyte
deposit secondary bone in concentric layers lamellae
oldest: farthes from the vessels

 Pertumbuhan Tulang
- till early adulthood, continously
with remodelling
- DIRECTION :
# growth in LENGTH:
By chondrocyte division in
epiphyseal zone
# Growth in girth
by proliferation &
differentiation of
osteoprogenitor cells in the
inner layer of periosteum
Bone deposition on the
outer surface of bone

 BONE REPAIR
- Fractures tear vessel hemorrhage clot
formation.
- macrophage remove the clot, fibroblast fill the space
with fibrous connective tissue
- certain cells differentiate into chondrocyte

CALLUS (soft)
(islands of fibro cartilage & hyaline cartilage as model of
ossification)
callus replaced by primar bone(bony callus)
remodelled secondary bone

FUNCTION & COMPOSITION

BONE CLASSIFICATION
OSTEOGENESIS

REGULATION & Clinical Correlation

Hormonal Control
involves the interplay among the actions of :
PTH, increases blood calcium levels
calcitonin, decreases blood calcium levels
vitamin D, helps Calcium absorbtion in intestine &
decreases renal Calcium excretion
Other hormones (ex: cortisol, growth hormone,
thyroid hormone, and the sex hormones. Growth
hormone and thyroxine increase bone mass)

CLINICAL
CORRELATION
Osteoporosis
Cx : bone formation <<, bone resorbtion >>
decrease bone mass (ratio mineral : matrix normal)
Calcium Deficiency

poor calcification of bone matrix

# chronic in children: Rickets (bone deformity)

# chronic in adult : Osteomalacia (decrease bone mass ,
ratio mineral : matrix : sub normal)

Dwarfism

Achondroplastic
long bones stop growing in
childhood
normal torso, short limbs

spontaneous mutation
during DNA replication
failure of cartilage growth

Pituitary
lack of growth hormone
normal proportions with
short stature

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