Documentos de Académico
Documentos de Profesional
Documentos de Cultura
to Statistics
Chapter 1
Learning
Learning Objectives
Objectives
Define statistics
Become aware of a wide range of
applications of statistics in business
Differentiate between descriptive and
inferential statistics
Classify numbers by level of data and
understand why doing so is important
What
What is
is Statistics?
Statistics?
Science of gathering, analyzing,
interpreting, and presenting data
Branch of mathematics
Course of study
Facts
Measurement taken on a sample
Type of distribution being used to
analyze data
Population
Population Versus
Versus Sample
Sample
Population the whole
a collection of persons, objects, or items
under study
Population
Population
Population
Population and
and Census
Census Data
Data
Identifier
Color
MPG
RD1
RD2
RD3
RD4
RD5
BL1
BL2
GR1
GR2
GY1
GY2
GY3
Red
Red
Red
Red
Red
Blue
Blue
Gree
n
Gree
n
Gray
Gray
Gray
12
10
13
10
13
27
24
35
35
15
18
17
Sample
Sample and
and Sample
Sample Data
Data
Identifier
Color
MPG
RD2
Red
10
RD5
Red
13
GR1
Gree
n
35
GY2
Gray
18
Descriptive
Descriptive vs.
vs. Inferential
Inferential Statistics
Statistics
Descriptive Statistics using data
gathered on a group to describe or
reach conclusions about that same
group only
Inferential Statistics using sample
data to reach conclusions about the
population from which the sample was
taken
Parameter
Parameter vs.
vs. Statistic
Statistic
Parameter descriptive measure of
the population
Usually represented by Greek letters
Symbols
Symbols for
for Population
Population Parameters
Parameters
denotespopulationparameter
denotespopulationstandarddeviation
Symbols
Symbols for
for Sample
Sample Statistics
Statistics
xdenotessamplemean
denotessamplevariance
Sdenotessamplestandarddeviation
Process
Process of
of Inferential Statistics
Population
Calculatex
toestimate
Sample
x
(parameter)
(statistic)
Selecta
randomsample
Levels
Levels of
of Data
Data Measurement
Measurement
Nominal
Nominal Level
Level Data
Data
Numbers are used to classify or
categorize
Example: Employment Classification
1 for Educator
2 for Construction Worker
3 for Manufacturing Worker
Example: Ethnicity
1 for African-American
2 for Anglo-American
3 for Hispanic-American
4 for Oriental-American
Ordinal
Ordinal Level
Level Data
Data
Numbers are used to indicate rank or order
Relative magnitude of numbers is meaningful
Differences between numbers are not comparable
Example: Taste test ranking of three brands of soft
drink
Example: Position within an organization
1 for President
2 for Vice President
3 for Plant Manager
4 for Department Supervisor
5 for Employee
Example
Example of
of Ordinal
Ordinal Measurement
Measurement
1
6
f
i
2
4
3
5
n
i
s
h
Ordinal
Ordinal Data
Data
Faculty and staff should receive preferential
treatment for parking space.
Strongly
Agree
Agree
Neutral
Disagree
Strongly
Disagree
Interval
Interval Level
Level Data
Data
Distances between consecutive integers
are equal
Relative magnitude of numbers is
meaningful
Differences between numbers are
comparable
Location of origin, zero, is not absolute
Examples: Fahrenheit Temperature, Calendar
Time, Monetary Units
Ratio
Ratio Level
Level Data
Data
Highest level of measurement
Relative magnitude of numbers is meaningful
Differences between numbers are
comparable
Location of origin, zero, is absolute (natural)
Examples: Height, Weight, and Volume
Usage
Usage Potential
Potential of
of Various
Various
Levels
Levels of
of Data
Data
Ratio
Interval
Ordinal
Nominal
Data
Data Level, Operations,
Operations,
and
and Statistical
Statistical Methods
Methods
Data Level
Meaningful Operations
Statistical
Methods
Nominal
Nonparametric
Ordinal
Nonparametric
Interval
Parametric
Ratio
Parametric
nal
Nominal
Ordinal
Ordinal
Qualitative
(Categorical)
Qualitative
Nonnumeric
Nonnumeric
Numeric
Numeric
Discrete
Discrete
Interval
Interl
Ratio
Ratio
Quantitative
Quantitative
Numeric
Numeric
Discrete or
Discrete
or
Continuous
Continuous