Operating Systems

Lecture 1 - Introduction and Overview

Lecture Schedule
Week 1:
Introduction to Operating Systems, Computer System
Structures, Operating System Structures

Week 2 : Process Management

Processes and Threads, CPU Scheduling

Week 3: Process Management

CPU Scheduling, Process Synchronization

Week 4: Process Management

Process Synchronization

Week 5: Process Management

Process Synchronization, Deadlocks
Principles of Operating Systems Lecture 1

Course Schedule
Week 6 - Storage Management
Midterm review and exam, Deadlocks

Week 7 - Storage Management

Memory Management

Week 8 Storage Management

Virtual Memory

Week 9 FileSystems Management

Virtual Memory, FileSystems Interface and Implementation

Week 10 - Other topics

I/O Subsystems
Case study UNIX, WindowsNT, course revision and
summary.
Principles of Operating Systems Lecture 1

Introduction
What is an operating system?
Early Operating Systems
Simple Batch Systems
Multiprogrammed Batch Systems

Time-sharing Systems
Personal Computer Systems
Parallel and Distributed Systems
Real-time Systems
Principles of Operating Systems Lecture 1

Computer System Architecture

What is an Operating System?

An OS is a program that
acts an intermediary
between the user of a
computer and computer
hardware.
OS provides an
environment in which other
programs can do useful
work
Conveniently
Efficiently
Principles of Operating Systems Lecture 1

Goals of an Operating System

Simplify the execution of user programs and
make solving user problems easier
Use computer hardware efficiently
Allow sharing of hardware and software resources.

Make application software portable and

versatile
Provide isolation, security and protection
among user programs
Improve overall system reliability
error confinement, fault tolerance, reconfiguration.
Principles of Operating Systems Lecture 1

Why should I study Operating

Systems?
Need to understand interaction between the
hardware and applications
New applications, new hardware

Need to understand basic principles in the

design of computer systems
efficient resource management, security, flexibility

Increasing need for specialized operating

systems
e.g. embedded operating systems for devices - cell
phones, sensors and controllers
real-time operating systems vehicles, aircraft control,
multimedia services
Principles of Operating Systems Lecture 1

Systems Today and The Future

Principles of Operating Systems Lecture 1

10

Irvine Sensorium

Hardware Complexity
Increases
Moores Law: 2X
transistors/Chip Every 1.5 years

From Berkeley OS course

IntelMulticoreChipsets

Moores Law

Principles ofFromHennessyandPatterson,ComputerArchitecture:AQuantitative
Operating Systems Approach,4thedition,Sept.15,2006
12
Lecture 1

Software Complexity Increases

From MITs 6.033 course

Principles of Operating Systems Lecture 1

13

Computer System
Components
Hardware

Provides basic computing resources (CPU,

memory, I/O devices).

Operating System

Controls and coordinates the use of

hardware among application programs.

Application Programs

Solve computing problems of users

(compilers, database systems, video
games, business programs such as
banking software).

Users

People, machines, other computers

Principles of Operating Systems Lecture 1

14

Operating System Views

Resource allocator
to allocate resources (software and hardware) of the
computer system and manage them efficiently.

Control program
Controls execution of user programs
To prevent errors and improper use of the computer

Control operation of I/O devices.

Kernel
Many components running, what to call an OS?
One definition of OS - one program that runs at all times
Called kernel
Everything else: system programs and applications
Principles of Operating Systems Lecture 1

15

Operating System Spectrum

Monitors and Small Kernels
special purpose and embedded systems, real-time systems

Batch and multiprogramming

Timesharing
workstations, servers, minicomputers, timeframes

Transaction systems
software/hardware combination that supports transaction
processing

Personal Computing Systems

Mobile Platforms, devices (of all sizes)
Principles of Operating Systems Lecture 1

16

People-to-Computer Ratio Over Time

From David Culler (Berkeley)

Early Systems - Bare Machine

(1950s)
Hardware expensive ; Human cheap
Structure
Large machines run from console
Single user system
Programmer/User as operator

Paper tape or punched cards

Early software

From John Ousterhout slides

Assemblers, compilers, linkers, loaders, device drivers,

libraries of common subroutines.

Inefficient use of expensive resources

Low CPU utilization, high setup time.

Principles of Operating Systems Lecture 1

18

Simple Batch Systems

(1960s)
Reduce setup time by batching jobs with similar requirements.
Early systems - one job at a time
Not interactive

Automatic job sequencing

Forms a rudimentary OS.
From John Ousterhout slides

Resident Monitor

Holds initial control, control transfers to job and then back

to monitor
Rudimentary OS

Problem
Need to distinguish job from job and data from program.
Principles of Operating Systems Lecture 1

19

Supervisor/Operator Control
Secure monitor that controls job processing
Special cards indicate what to do.
User program prevented from performing I/O

Separate user from computer

IBM 7094

User submits card deck to operator

cards put on tape
tape processed by operator
output written to tape
tape printed on printer

Problems

From John Ousterhout slides

Long turnaround time - up to 2 DAYS!!!

Debugging

Low CPU utilization

I/O and CPU could not overlap; slow mechanical devices.
Principles of Operating Systems Lecture 1

20

Batch Systems - Issues

Solutions to speed up I/O:
Offline Processing
load jobs into memory from tapes,
card reading and line printing are done offline.

Spooling
A type of buffering, to disk
Random access device, unlike tape
Modern: print spooler

Use disk as large storage for reading as many input files as possible
and storing output files until output devices are ready to accept
them.
Allows overlap - I/O of one job with computation of another.
Introduces notion of a job pool that allows OS choose next job to
run so as to increase CPU utilization
Principles of Operating Systems Lecture 1

21

Speeding up I/O
Channel - hardware
components that handle all
input/output operations in
their entirety independently
of the systems' CPU(s)

Principles of Operating Systems Lecture 1

22

Batch Systems - I/O

completion
How do we know that I/O is complete?
Polling:
Device sets a flag when it is busy.
Program tests the flag in a loop waiting for completion
of I/O.

Interrupts:
On completion of I/O, device forces CPU to jump to a
specific instruction address that contains the interrupt
service routine.
After the interrupt has been processed, CPU returns to
code it was executing prior to servicing the interrupt.
Principles of Operating Systems Lecture 1

23

Multiprogramming
Use interrupts to run multiple programs
simultaneously
When a program performs I/O, instead of polling, execute
another program till interrupt is received.
Efficiency

Requires secure memory, I/O for each program.

Requires intervention, if program loops
indefinitely.
Requires CPU scheduling to choose the next
job to run.
Principles of Operating Systems Lecture 1

24

Timesharing
Hardware getting cheaper; Human getting expensive

Supports multiple users at the same time

Programs queued for execution in FIFO order.
Like multiprogramming, but timer device
interrupts after a quantum (timeslice).
Interrupted program is returned to end of FIFO
Next program is taken from head of FIFO

Control card interpreter replaced by

command language interpreter.
Principles of Operating Systems Lecture 1

25

Timesharing (cont.)
Interactive (action/response)
when OS finishes execution of one command, it
seeks the next control statement from user.

File systems
online file system is required for users to access data
and code.

Virtual memory
Job is swapped in and out of memory to disk.

Principles of Operating Systems Lecture 1

26

Personal Computing Systems

Hardware cheap ; Human expensive
Single user systems, portable.
I/O devices - keyboards, mice, display screens,
small printers.
Laptops and palmtops, Wireless devices.
Single user systems may not need advanced CPU
utilization or protection features.
Advantages:
user convenience, responsiveness, ubiquitous

Principles of Operating Systems Lecture 1

27

Parallel Systems
Multiprocessor systems
n>1 CPUs in close communication
Improved throughput, economical, increased reliability

Kinds:
Vector and pipelined
Symmetric and asymmetric multiprocessing
Distributed memory vs. shared memory

Programming models:
Tightly coupled vs. loosely coupled
Message-based vs. shared variable
Principles of Operating Systems Lecture 1

28

Parallel Computing Systems

ILLIAC 2 (UIllinois)
Climate modeling,
earthquake
simulations, genome
analysis, protein
folding, nuclear fusion
research, ..

K-computer(Japan)

Tianhe-1(China)

IBM Blue Gene

Connection Machine (MIT)

Principles of Operating Systems Lecture 1

29

Distributed Systems
Hardware very cheap ; Human very expensive
Distribute computation among many processors.
Loosely coupled no shared memory, various communication lines

Client/server architectures
Advantages:
Resource sharing
Computation speed-up
Reliability

Applications - digital libraries, digital multimedia

Principles of Operating Systems Lecture 1

30

Distributed Computing Systems

Globus Grid Computing Toolkit

PlanetLab

Cloud Computing Offerings

Gnutella P2P Network

Principles of Operating Systems Lecture 1

31

Societal Scale Information

The world is a large distributed
Systems
system
Microprocessors in everything
Vast infrastructure behind them

Internet
Connectivity

Massive Cluster
Gigabit Ethernet
Clusters
Massive Cluster
Gigabit Ethernet Clusters

Scalable, Reliable,
Secure Services
Databases
Information Collection
Remote Storage
Online Games
Commerce

MEMS for
Sensor Nets

From Ion Stoica OS course slides

Real-time systems
Correct system function depends on
timeliness
Feedback/control loops

Hard real-time systems

Failure if response time too long

Soft real-time systems Less accurate if response time is too long

Useful in applications such as multimedia, virtual reality.
Principles of Operating Systems Lecture 1

33

Summary of lecture

What is an operating system?

Early Operating Systems
Simple Batch Systems
Multiprogrammed Batch Systems
Time-sharing Systems
Personal Computer Systems
Parallel and Distributed Systems
Real-time Systems
Principles of Operating Systems Lecture 1

34