Lecture 2:

Database Development Process

ISOM3260, Spring 2014

Where we are now

Database environment
introduction to database

Database development process

steps to develop a database

Conceptual data modeling

entity-relationship (ER) diagram; enhanced ER

Logical database design

transforming ER diagram into relations; normalization

Physical database design

technical specifications of the database

Database implementation
Structured Query Language (SQL), Advanced SQL

Advanced topics

data and database administration

2

Database Development Process

Information Systems Architecture

Information Systems Planning
Systems Development Life Cycle
Prototyping
People involved in database development
Three-schema database architecture
Three-tiered database location architecture
3

Information Systems Architecture

Information Systems Architecture

overall blueprint or plan for an organizations

information systems
developed during IS planning
consists of

Data (Enterprise Data Model)

Processes (that manipulate data, e.g. data flow diagrams)
Network (data communication topology diagram)
People (perform processes or are source or receiver of data)
Events and points in time (when processes are performed)
Reasons for events and rules (e.g. decision tables)

Fig. 1-3: Segment from Enterprise Data Model

(shows the high-level entities and their relationships)

Data Flow Diagram

Student

Requested-courses

Confirmation
letter

1.0
Verify
availability

Accepted/
rejectedselection

3.0
Confirm
registration Registration-details

2.0
Enroll
student

Opencourses
Course File

Course-details
Courseenrollment
Studentdetails
Student File
7

Network
Diagram

Decision Table

Note: for salaried employees the action stub chosen will always
be the sametherefore hours worked is an indifferent condition
9

Decision Tree
representation of salary decision

10

Information Systems Planning

Align IT with the business strategies of the organization

Three steps:
1. Identify strategic planning factors

Organization goals (what we hope to achieve)

Critical success factors (what must work in order to meet the goals)
Problem areas (what are the current weaknesses)

2. Identify corporate planning objects

Organizational units (departments of the organization)

Organizational locations (places of operation)
Business functions (processes that support the organizations mission)
Entity types (data on people, places, and things managed by the
organization
Information systems
11

Strategic Planning Factors

12

Example: Planning Objects

13

Example: Planning Objects (cont.)

14

Information Systems Planning (cont.)

3. Develop an enterprise model

Functional decomposition of business functions

Enterprise data model
Entity-relationship diagram
Descriptions of entity types
Relationships between entities
Business rules

15

Process decomposition of an order fulfillment

function (Pine Valley Furniture)
Decomposition -- breaking
business functions into
smaller tasks in a
hierarchical structure chart

16

Figure 1-3: Segment from enterprise data model

Enterprise data model describes

the entities in an organization
and the relationship between
these entities

17

Approaches to Database
Development

System Development Life Cycle (SDLC)

Detailed, well-planned development process
Time-consuming, but comprehensive
Long development cycle

Prototyping
Rapid application development (RAD) method
Cursory attempt at conceptual data modeling
Define database during development of initial prototype.
Repeat implementation and maintenance activities with new

prototype versions
18

Database development activities during SDLC

19

Figure 1-8: Prototyping methodology and

database development process

20

People Involved in
Database Development

Business analysts/Systems analysts

work with management and users to analyze information

requirements

Database analysts
concentrate on requirements and design for database

Users
provide assessment of their information needs

Programmers
Database/Data administrators
Other technical experts
systems programmers, network administrators, testers, technical

writers

21

Three Schema Architecture for

Database Development

All views of the same database

Conceptual schema
technology independent
analysis phase

External schema
one or more user views
each user view is a subset of conceptual schema
logical design phase

Internal schema
physical design phase
how data are stored in a computers secondary memory
22

Three-schema database architecture

External schema

Different people have

different views of the
databasethese are the
external schema

Internal schema
23

Process of developing three-schema architecture for a

database project

24

Three-Tiered Database
Location Architecture

Where to store the data during physical database design

Client tier
presentation tier
desktop or notebook computer manages user interface and

localized data

Application/Web tier
process services tier
provides access from client tier to data in enterprise tier

Enterprise tier
data services tier
minicomputer or mainframe manages organization data
25

Figure 1-12: Three-tiered client/server database architecture

26

Review Questions

What is an information systems architecture?

What are the 3 steps in information systems planning?
What are the 3 planning factors?
What are the 5 planning objects?
What are the two approaches to database development?
Who are the people involved in database development?
What is the 3-schema database architecture?
What is the 3-tiered database location architecture?

27