CHAPTER 2: PLASTICITY

CHAPTER 2: PLASTICITY
AISI 1040 Steel

True stress-true strain curves are

obtained by converting the tensile
stress and its corresponding strain
values into true stress and extending
the curve.

Yield stress varies 250-1100MPa

Total Strain varies between 0.38-0.1
Properties of steel depend on heat
treatment and quenching produces
a hard martensitic structure which
is gradually softened by tempering
at higher temperatures. The
annealed structure is ductile but
has low yield stress.
The ultimate tensile stresses are
marked by arrows.
After these points plastic
deformation becomes localized
(called necking) and the
engineering stresses drop because
of the localized reduction in the
cross sectional area. However true
stress continues to rise because the
cross sectional area decreases and

CHAPTER 2: PLASTICITY
Volume stays constant

The incremental longitudinal strain:

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n<1
Parabolic hardening
Translate it upward by assuming
yield stress is equal to 0 then
equation becomes:

n is called strain hardening exponent and depends on the

nature of the material, the temperature at which it is work
hardened and strain.
n varies between 0.2 and 0.5 and K is in between G/100
and G/1000.
The equations predict a slope of infinity for =0 which does
not conform experimental results.
The equations imply that when ( We know this is
not correct and that experimentally a saturation of stress
occurs at higher strains.

CHAPTER 2: PLASTICITY
The fact that some equations reasonably approximate the stress-strain
curves does not imply that they are capable of describing the curves in a
physically satisfactory way. There are two reasons for this: (1) In the different
position of stress-strain curves, different microscopic processes predominate.
(2) Plastic deformation is a complex physical process that depends on the
path taken; it is a thermodynamic state function. The accumulated is not
uniquely related to the dislocation structure of the material.

Ludwik-Hollomon is the most common representation of plastic response.

When n=0, it represents ideal plastic behavior (no work-hardening). More
general forms of this equation, incorporating both strain rate and thermal
effects, are often used to represent the response of metals; in that case
they are called constitutive equations. The flow stress of metals increases
with increasing strain rate and decreasing temperature because thermally
activated dislocation motion is inhibited.

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CHAPTER 2: PLASTICITY

A=0.2% offset yield stress

B and C= upper and lower yield point
D=proportional limit (stress at which the curve deviates from
linearity)
D=UTS
E=rupture stress
F=Uniform Strain
Beyond F necking starts
G is strain to failure.
Elastic energy absorbed=Resilience=area under elastic portion

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BAUSCHINGER EFFECT

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CHAPTER 2: PLASTICITY