Documentos de Académico
Documentos de Profesional
Documentos de Cultura
Dr. K. Ghosh
Agricultural Meteorology Division
India Meteorological Department
Micrometeorology
Micrometeorology is a branch of meteorology which deals
with the atmospheric phenomena and physical processes
taking place over limited region of the surface of the earth in
the lowest layer of the atmosphere.
The development
following:-
of
micrometeorology
requires
the
Rn = E + C + G + P + S
where,
Rn
E
C
G
P
S
Net radiation,
Latent heat of evaporation,
Evaporation,
Sensible heat flux,
Ground heat flux,
Energy for photosynthesis,
Storage term.
(Rsw ) = r (Rsw )
Thus, the shortwave radiation balance can be written as
I
exp( K e F )
I0
Understanding the relationship between radiation and crop production requires knowledge of radiation
distribution within the crop canopy based on the transmissibility of the leaf, leaf arrangement and
inclination, plant density, plant height and the angle of the sun.
Transmissibility varies slightly with the age of the leaf. The transmissibility of a young leaf is relatively
high. With the maturity of the leaf, it declines but rises again as the leaf turns yellow.
The transmissibility of a leaf is directly related to its chlorophyll content. The logarithm of
transmissibility decreases linearly with an increase in chlorophyll content. Transmissibility of leaves of
deciduous trees, herbs, and grasses ranges from 5 to 10%, whereas, that of evergreen plants varies from
2 to 8%.
If the leaves that transmit 10% of the radiation were horizontally displayed in continuous layers, only
1% of light, could penetrate the second layer.
However, leaves are rarely displayed horizontally. In full sunlight, the optimum leaf inclination for
efficient light use is 810. For the best results and in an ideal arrangement of the plant canopy, the lower
13% of the leaves should be oriented at an angle of 0 to 300, middle 37% of the leaves should be at 30 to
600 and the upper 50% leaves should be at 60 to 900 with the horizontal.
When the plant height increases, the interception of light by the canopy also increases with only a small
variation at different times of the day.
The interception of light is minimum at noon and maximum during morning and evening hours.
dT
SK
dz
where, dT/dz is the temperature gradient within the soil. All energy fluxes to the
surface will be considered positive and all away from the surface will be negative.
Thermal conductivity depends on porosity, moisture content, and organic matter
content of the soil. At similar moisture contents conductivity decreases from fine
sand to silt loam to clay soil because of the increasing porosity in this sequence of
textures.
a C
where, a is the air density,
Cpp K
is hthe
zspecific heat of air at constant pressure,
Kh is the turbulent exchange coefficient, and /z is the vertical gradient of
potential temperature.
In the first 2-3 m above the ground, /z can be approximated by /z, the
vertical gradient of actual temperature.
a C p (Ta Ts )
ra
Where Ts and Ta are the surface and air temperatures, respectively, and ra
is the aerial (aerodynamic or boundary layer) resistance to the flow of
sensible heat. Sensible heat flux will increase with decreasing aerial
resistance ra.
Bowen Ratio
Bowen ratio is defind as the ratio of sensible heat flux to latent heat flux lost by
a surface to the atmosphere by the process of conduction and turbulence.
Bowen (1926) proposed that
A (Ts Ta )
E
(e s e)
where, is Bowen ratio, Ts is the temperature of the surface and Ta is air
temperature, es is vapour pressure of the surface, and e is vapour pressure of air.
Bowen ratio is negative when heat is transferred from air to crop, and positive
when heat transfer is from crop to air.
Bowens ratio approach fails only when the value is less than -0.5. For wellwatered crops, the value of the Bowen ratio is usually in the neighbourhood of
0.1 during the day when the evaporation is large. Average value of Bowen ratio
for the ocean surface is +0.1.
Laminar sublayer
In considering the flow of air over the earths surface, there is a very thin layer of air
immediately above the surface where the transfer processes are controlled primarily by
molecular diffusion. This layer is called the laminar sublayer.
The laminar sublayer may be only a few millimeters thick and may, sometimes, be even
thinner, especially under windy conditions. The thickness of Laminar sublayer depends upon
Above the laminar sublayer is the turbulent surface layer (or simply the surface layer) which
extends up to 50 100 m and is dominated by strong mixing or eddying motion.
The wind structure in this layer is primarily determined by the nature of the underlying
surface and the vertical gradient of the air temperature.
The effect of earths rotation, the coriolis force, is small and may be neglected as the
frictional effects of the surface dominate.
The planetary boundary layer, which envelops the surface layer and extends to about 1 km
above the surface, is a zone of transition from the disturbed flow near the surface to the
frictionless or smooth flow of the free atmosphere (Sutton, 1953).
The wind profile over short crops may be expressed by the logarithmic
equation:
1
u
K
z
ln
z0
According to this equation, the wind speed near the ground increases
exponentially with height over a very smooth surface.
The wind structure over a tall crop is different from that over a short
crop.
The wind profile changes abruptly at a height slightly below the
canopy.
Above that height, the logarithmic relationship seems to hold; below it,
the wind speed is greatly reduced.
Therefore, the wind profile equation for tall crops should be modified
to the following form:
1 zd
u
ln
K z
0
Over a moderately rough surface (e.g. short grass), the logarithmic wind
profile holds true only above a hypothetical height z0, known as the roughness
of the surface.
Roughness (cm)
0
0 to 0.1
Open water
0.02 to 0.6
Snow surface
0.1 to 0.6
Short grass
0.6 to 4.0
Long grass
4.0 to 10.0
Significance of Roughness
The roughness of a surface has several implications in the micrometeorological
study of plant environment.
Firstly, other things being equal, an increase in roughness will cause lowering
of maximum temperature during the day time and a rise in the minimum
temperature at night.
Secondly, the rougher the surface, the greater the mixing and swirling.
According to the theory of turbulent transport, the rate of mixing, expressed
as a coefficient of diffusion, does not depend upon the wind speed, but upon
the rate of change with height of the wind speed. Over a rough surface, heat
and water vapour are readily transferred, even though the wind speed may be
fairly low. Therefore, other things being equal, the evapotranspiration of a
rough surface will exceed that of a smooth surface, especially in areas of strong
advection.