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Ethernet Basics

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Ethernet

The diagram .. was drawn by Dr. Robert M. Metcalfe in 1976 to present Ethernet to the National Computer
Conference in June of that year.

Topics

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History, Standards, Terminology


Transmission media
Topologies
Protocol
Access methods, Collision management

What is Ethernet ?

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Ethernet is a certain type of a local area network (LAN)


which was developed in 1972 in the renowned PARCresearch facility of Xerox in Palo Alto by Robert Metcalfe.
In the meantime the companies Intel, DEC and Xerox
have specified a common standard that has been
established in the IEEE-standard 802.3.

History
1969

1970

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1972

student Robert Metcalfe (founder of 3Com in


1979) develops a Host Interface Controller for
DARPA (Defense Advanced Research Projects
Agency) in the company DEC.
the ALOHA-Net (multiple access protocol) is
developed and tested at the university of Hawaii
the idea is picked up by the XEROX Palo Alto
Research Center (Metcalfe works there by then).
The project goal is: experimental Ethernet

History
1976

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1980
1981

1982
1985

the results of the project are published. The


companies DEC, Intel and Xerox join in the
company DIX and complete Ethernet to the market
entry stage.
Ethernet version 1.0 is passed.
IEEE starts standardization efforts. The Ethernet
specification is accepted without major
modifications.
Publication of Ethernet version 2.0
worldwide recognition of the Ethernet standard as
ISO/DIS 8802/3

History
1986

1987

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1991
1994
1995
1997

Publication of the 10Base2- and


10BroadT standards
Standardization of the 10BaseT
spezification
Publication of the 10BaseF standard
more than 10.000 suppliers support the
Ethernet globally
Standardization of the 100 Mbit/s Ethernet
Standardization efforts for the Gigabit
Ethernet and presentation of first products
prior to the completion of the standard

Ethernet TCP/IP
LAYER 7
Modbus etc.

TCPHeader

TCP-DATA

TCP-frame
IPHeader

IP-DATA

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IP-frame
EthernetHeader

Ethernet-DATA

Ethernetframe

FCS

Access method: CSMA/CD


New attempt

Station is ready to
send

check
Ether

Waiting according
to back-off algorithm

Medium
occupied

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medium
available
Sending of data and
checking the Ether
No collision

Discovered
collision

send
jam signal

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Back-Off Algorithm

If a collision has occurred, the stations try to send


again after a certain period of time.
After the first collision there a two different back-off
times available, from which one is chosen at random.
Transmission probability is 50%
After the second consecutive collision there are four
different back-off times available, from which one is
chosen at random.
The transmission probability now is 75%

Truncated Binary Exponential Back-Off-Algorithm


Nuber of back-off times to be selected at random
1

50%

75%

87,5%

16

93,75%

32

96,88%

64

98,44

128

99,22%

256

99,61%

512

99,80%

1024

99,90%

1024

99,90%

1024

99,90%

1024

99,90%

1024

99,90%

1024

99,90%

1024

99,90%

5
6
7
8
9
10
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11
12

13
14
15
16

...
......
.........
............
...............
...............
...............
...............
...............
...............
...............
...............

Which waiting times are used ?


The 0...1024 fold of the double max. signal travel time
between the most remote stations + Offset is used
With 10 Mbit/s Ethernet that means:
Station 1

25.6s
25.6s

Station 2

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51.2s
The waiting time is also called collision window, the offset
(9.6s) is called gap.
Only after the time of the collision window has passed,
you can be certain that there will be no more collision.

Example

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After the first collision the stations willing to send


select a random waiting time of either 9.6s or 9.6s
plus 51.2s (duration of the collision window).
Condition: Only two stations are involved, no new
stations enter the scene in the collision management
phase.
Waiting time(A)
9.6s
9.6s
9.6s+51.2s
9.6s+51.2s

waiting time(B)
transmission
9.6s
NO
9.6s+51.2s
YES
9.6s
YES
9.6s+51.2s
NO

Delay depending on the network load

high

High
throughput

Overload

Beginning
problems

delay

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low

10 %

20 %

30 %

Network load

40 %

50 %

60 %

70 %

80 %

Ethernet address

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Also called "MAC address"


Globally unique ID for each device
Burnt into ROM, cannot be modified
Six Bytes in which manufacturer, device model and serial
number are coded
Readable with many auxiliary tools e.g. WINIPCFG

Ethernet frame
Ethernet II DIX Frame:
Preamble

DA

SA

Type

Data

>=46

Pad

FCS

IEEE 802.3 Frame:

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Preamble

SFD

DA

SA

LEN

Data

>=46

Pad

FCS

Ethernet frame

Preamble

Trailer consisting of the bit sequence 0101010101... serving the bit


synchronization of the receiver.

SFD (Start Frame Delimiter)

Start character consisting of the bit pattern 10101011 showing the


recipient that the actual information will follow now.

DA (Destination Address)

Evaluated by the recipients address filter; only data frames destined for
this recipient will be passed on to the communication software.

SA (Source Address)
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Senders address

LEN (Length)
Indicates the length of the subsequent data field in Bytes according to
IEEE 802.3.

Ethernet frame

Data and Pad


The data field may contain 46 to 1500 user data bytes. Are there less than
46 bytes the Ethernet controller independently adds padding bytes, until the
total amount (data + pad) is 46. This miminum length is crucial for the
CSMA/CD procedure to work faultlessly. The data field can be used at will, it
only has to contain complete bytes.

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FCS (Frame Check Sequence)


A check character. It is obtained by taking the rest of the division operation
from the formula representing the wide-spread cyclic- redundancy-check
procedure. This formula is applied to the bit sequence including the address
field through to the padding field. In case of en error the whole frame is
ignored, i.e. not passed on to the application program.

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Ethernet Address

WIN-NT: ipconfig /all

Naming of the cable types

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Example: 10base5
10
Transmission rate in Mbytes/s
base
Base or Broadband
5 Segment length in 100 meters
UTP
unshielded twisted pair
STP
shielded twisted pair
S/STP
screened shielded twisted pair

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Ethernet topologies

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Ethernet Media

Extension

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The maximum extension depends on the medium and


the transmission rate; here some examples:
10base5

Segment: 500m
Total: 2500m (with 4 repeaters)

100baseTX UTP

Hub-Station: 100m

100baseFX

Hub-Station: 400m
25km (with Mono mode fibre)

1000baseSX

Hub-Station: 550m

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Repeater / Hub

Repeater
Hub

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Bridge

E
F

Bridge

A
C

B
D

Switch = Multiport Bridge

Bridge

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Switch

Hub - Switch
A

H
G

D
Time

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B
C

Hub
F

D
E

Switch

D
E

Hub

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Characteristics of the switches

Cut-Trough Switch
noc cheking of the data frames
Store-and-Forward
checking of the data frames
Frames with same destination
kept in internal short term memory thus queueing them
discard them or create collision
Broadcast messages
go to all stations anyway (z.B. ARP) so switches are of
no advantage here
there are specific approaches of different switch
manufacturers to reduce broadcast data traffic

Typical office wiring


Patch field

Network socket

Patch cable

Hub/Switch

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Patch field

normal Cat 5 cable

RJ 45

Hub/Switch

www
http://www.gigabit-ethernet.org
http://wwwhost.ots.utexas.edu/ethernet/

http://www.3com.com/technology/tech_net/white_papers/index.html#ethernet

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http://www.iaopennetworking.com/

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