FI-6002 : PENGANTAR SAINS ENERGI

Kuliah-01

Sains Energi : Pengantar

Physics Study Program

Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences

Institut Teknologi Bandung

Pengantar Sains Energi

Selama jutaan tahun kehidupan di Bumi

berlangsung dengan energi-netral (reversibel):
Tumbuhan dan hewan mengalami siklus
kehidupan yang seimbang dan berkelanjutan.
Setelah manusia menemukan api, keseimbangan
alam menjadi tidak reversibel lagi.
Api memungkinkan makanan dapat dimasak,
mengusir predator dan membuat senjata

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Pengantar Sains Energi

Dalam 2 abad yang lalu manusia berhasil menemukan

cara untuk mengubah panas menjadi listrik
Listrik merupakan bentuk energi yang paling bermanfaat
dan memudahkan
Listrik telah memfasilitasi kemajuan yang luar biasa
dalam sains dan rekayasa, mentransformasi peradaban
dan membuat hidup manusia sekarang jauh lebih nyaman
dari pendahulunya.
Akan tetapi, listrik telah membuat masyarakat menjadi
konsumtif, yang memperlakukan listrik dan sumber
energi lain sebagai suatu komuditas yang harus ada.

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Pengantar Sains Energi

Dalam waktu singkat setelah revolusi industri,

bahan bakar fosil yang dihasilkan oleh proses
yang sangat panjang (ratusan juta tahun),
berkurang secara drastis dalam 1 tahun kita
mengkonsumsi sesuatu yang proses
pembentukannya memerlukan waktu sekitar 1
juta tahun
Emisi CO2 dan hasil pembakaran lainnya
memberikan dampak yang besar pada perubahan
iklim global dan merupakan tantangan sendiri
bagi kehidupan manusia sekarang.

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Pengantar Sains Energi

Konversi energi merupakan masalah lain lagi,

tetapi dengan penerapan prinsip dasar fisika
memungkinkan untuk memahami esensi masalah
ini dengan baik
Isu energi merupakan isu yang terbuka dan
kontroversial perlu dihadapi dengan pikiran
terbuka
Penting sekali untuk bersikap obyektif, lebih
mengutamakan fakta dari pada opini, menantang
asumsi dan selalu mencari solusi yang konstruktif
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A Brief History of Energy Technology

Sejarah pemanfaatan energi dalam berbagai bentuk, telah

memberikan tantangan intelektual yang besar dan menstimulasi
penemuan ilmiah
Teknologi energi saat ini merupakan hasil dari kemajuan dalam
pemahaman sains, inspirasi, dan perbaikan secara gradual dalam
rancangan rekayasa selama berabad-abad
Sejak zaman kekaisaran Romawi, rekayasa air sudah menjadi
teknologi yang sangat mapan.
Ribuan tahun yang lalu, sistem irigasi memperluas lahan pertanian di
sekitar sungai Nil dan meningkatkan kemakmuran pada Zaman Mesir
Kuno.
Salah satu hasil rekayasa penting di era itu adalah Archimedes screw.
Archimedes screw digunakan untuk mengambil air dari sungai,
mengosongkan biji-bijian dari kapal pengangkut, mengambil air bersih
dari banjir (contoh: Rio Tinto di Spanyol).

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A Brief History of Energy Technology

Archimedes screw (digunakan sejak ribuan tahun lalu:

zaman Kekaisaran Romawi Kuno, Mesir Kuno, Hanging
Gardens of Babylon)

Waterwheels (turbin air): Dari zaman kuno dan mulai

ramai dipakai di Eropa Barat sekitar tahun 1000 Masehi.
Rancangan turbin air yang sangat terkenal dan masih
dipakai saat ini adalah Fourneyron Turbine (1834)
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Waterwheels: Fourneyron Turbine

(1834)

http://www.waterwheelfactory.com/fourney.htm
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http://www.machine-history.com/node/581

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http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourneyron-Turbine

A Brief History of Energy Technology

Steam engine (mesin uap) pertama adalah mainan yang

dibuat oleh Hero dari Alexanderia pada abad 1 Masehi.
Alat ini terdiri daari bola logam berongga yang diisi uap
dan di tahan oleh 2 pivot

Uap dialirkan keluar melalui dua

lubang dan momentum dari jet
uap menghasilkan reaksi dalam
arah
kebalikan
sehingga
menyebabkan bola berputar

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Steam Engine

Revolusi Industri hanya bisa terjadi dengan penemuan mesin uap (steam
engine).
Tetapi diperlukan waktu yang cukup lama sebelum mesin uap komersial
pertama muncul, mengingat ada kesalah-pahaman yang sangat serius tentang
sifat vakum dan tekanan udara sampai akhirnya Torricelli (murid Galileo)
menemukan barometer air raksa.
Paten mesin uap komersial pertama diusulkan oleh Papin (1690)
Selanjutnya mesin uap komersial pertama yang sukses diciptakan oleh
Thomas Newcomen (1712)
Mesin uap yg lebih efisien dipatenkan oleh James Watt tahun 1769
Antara 1776 -1824, Mesin uap James Watt telah diproduksi sebanyak1164
mesin

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Steam Engine

Tahun 1824, Ilmuwan muda Prancis, Nicholas Carnot,

menunjukkan bahwa efisiensi maksimum dari suatu
mesin kalor ideal hanya bergantung pada perbedaan nilai
temperatur panas dan dingin selama beroperasi.
Mesin uap terus berkembang sampai abad ke-19 dengan
pengembangan kereta uap dan kapal uap.
Tahun 1884, Charles Parsons menemukan rotary steam
turbine. Inovasi besar ini merealisasikan bahwa daya
pada semburan uap bertekanan tinggi dapat digunakan
dengan lebih efisien jika tekanan dilewatkan beberapa
kali pada propeler turbin, sehingga menghasilkan suatu
mesin yang kuat dan sangat kompak.

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A Brief History of Energy Technology

Selama tahun1820an, Faraday tergugah oleh dua penemuan baru: pertama oleh
Oersted, bahwa jarum kompas dibelokkan ke kanan oleh suatu kawat berarus, dan
Ampere yang menemukan bahwa dua kawat berarus saling memberikan gaya satu
sama lain.
Tahun 1831, Faraday mempublikasikan hukum induksi magnetik.
Faraday juga menunjukkan bahwa arus dapat dihasilkan dari piringan tembaga yang
berputar diantara dua kutub magnet yang kuat.

Penemuan ini menjadi awal penemuan dinamo, yang selanjutnya membuka jalan bagi
penemuan LAMPU LISTRIK
The early dynamos produced very spiky outputs; the first device to produce a smooth
current was the Gramme dynamo, using a continuous loop of wire wrapped around a
rotating iron ring. Electric telegraphy and electroplating were two of the first useful
applications of electricity, followed by arc-lighting for public service.
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A Brief History of Energy Technology

Lampu pijar pertama dipatenkan oleh Thomas Alfa Edison, tahun 1879.
Awal tahun 1860, Joseph Swan dari England mempatenkan bola lampu
pertama di dunia, tetapi umurnya pendek dan tidak efisien.
Untuk kapitalisasi penemuannya, Edison mempatenkan sistem distribusi
listrik tahun 1880.
Tahun 1881, Edison membangun stasion pembangkit listrik pertama di dunia
di Holborn Viaduct, London, yang menghasilkan 160 kW daya untuk lampu
dan motor listrik.
Tahun berikutnya Edison membangun pembangkit serupa di New York City,
yang menyuplai listrik bagi Wall Street dan komunitas perbankan.
Terjadi rivalitas yang kuat antara sistem arus DC Thomas Edison dan sistem
arus AC yang dipromosikan oleh George Westinghouse.
Edison staged public events to highlight the dangers of alternating current,
with live electrocutions of dogs, cats, and even an elephant! However, the
alternating current system became the one generally adopted worldwide.
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A Brief History of Energy Technology

The first large-scale hydroelectric power station was

built in 1895 on the US side of Niagara Falls, using
Fourneyron turbines.
The first half of the twentieth century witnessed a
massive construction program of coal-fired power
stations and hydroelectric plants.
The most significant new development in the second half
of the twentieth century was nuclear power.
The early fission reactors were used for producing
materials for nuclear weapons.
Reactors solely for electricity generation did not appear
until the latter half of the 1950s.

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A Brief History of Energy Technology

The early years of nuclear power were heralded as a new era of
cheap, inexhaustible, and safe electricity.
The most striking example was in France, over 75% of French
electricity is currently generated from nuclear power.
A number of high-profile accidents at various nuclear plants around
the world.
The worst incidents were a partial meltdown of a pres- surized
water reactor at Three Mile Island (USA) in 1979, and a complete
meltdown of an RBMK reactor at Chernobyl (Ukraine) in 1986.
Human error and design faults were found to be significant factors in
both cases.
As a result there was a general improvement in nuclear safety
standards worldwide and greater international support for the
effective regulation of civil nuclear installations. However, the
impact of these accidents considerably slowed the building of new
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reactors.

A Brief History of Energy Technology

As a result there was a general improvement in nuclear safety

standards worldwide and greater international support for the
effective regulation of civil nuclear installations.
However, the impact of these accidents considerably slowed the
building of new reactors.
The recent accident in 2011 in Fukushima, Japan, which was the
result of a series of tsunamis following a massive undersea
earthquake that measured 9.0 on the Moment scale, has further set
back the deployment of nuclear power, though it still has the
potential to play a significant role in combating global warming.

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A Brief History of Energy Technology

Alternative energy was a neglected area until the oil price shocks of
the 1970s.
Western governments then began to sponsor research programs into
various alternative energy technologies with the aim of reducing
their dependence on oil
Nonetheless, alternative energy is establishing a foothold and is
likely to gain more support as the effects of global warming are
realized and become more pronounced, and the remaining fossil fuel
reserves of the planet become uneconomic to extract.

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Power scale comparison

To complete this brief historical overview, Table 1.1

compares the power scales involved in a small selection
of energy-related devices, from antiquity to the present
day.

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Global Energy Trends

A measure of the standard of living in a country is the Human

Development Index (HDI), which combines indicators of educational
attainment, life expectancy, educational attainment, and income.

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Global Energy Trends

It is natural that less-developed countries will seek to

increase their GDP (gross domestic product) and thereby
increase their energy consumption per capita.
The global population is predicted to be 9.2 billion by
2050, compared with 7.0 billion in 2011 and 2.5 billion in
1950, and the demand for energy is projected to
increase by 40% (BP2030) by 2030, based on pre- sent
trends.

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Global Energy Trends

Figure 1.6 shows the global energy consumption in 2010. The

primary energy demand (excluding biomass) is predicted to remain
approximately constant in OECD countries over the period up to
2030 at ~5500 megatonnes of oil equivalent (Mtoe) while growing
significantly in non-OECD countries from ~6500 Mtoe to ~11 000
Mtoe.

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Global Energy Trends

During these next 20 years the GDP of OECD and non-OECD countries
is predicted to rise by ~1.5 and ~2.5 times, respectively, while the
population is expected to increase by 1.4 billion compared with 1.6
billion in the previous 20 years, with nearly all the increase
occurring in non-OECD countries. The breakdown by source is shown
in Fig. 1.7 (note that hydropower is plotted separately from
renewables).

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Global Energy Trends

Electricity generation is expected to increase by

65% from ~21 000 TWh in 2010 to ~35 000 TWh in
2030, with renewables generating ~10% globally
compared with ~3% in 2008 (see Fig. 1.8).

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Global Energy Trends

The present (2010) distribution of fuel demand by region is shown in

Fig. 1.9. Chinas economy is expected to continue to grow rapidly
and to be the largest in the world by 2030.

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Global Energy Trends

Chinas economy is expected to continue to grow rapidly and to be

the largest in the world by 2030.
In China, and globally, fuel switching to sources with lower carbon
dioxide emissions per unit of energy (gas is about half that of coal,
see Table 1.2) is expected to result in a percentage increase in Gt of
CO2 per annum of 27% in 2030 compared with that in 2010, when
~31 Gt of CO2 was emitted, lower than the estimated 40% increase
in energy demand.
However, continuing such CO2 emissions would put the world at risk
of significant climate change owing to the associated global
warming.

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Global warming and the

greenhouse effect

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Global warming and the

greenhouse effect

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Energy Units and Conversion

Rate

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Summaries

Global energy production is expected to increase by

around 40% between 2010 and 2030, with the increase
virtually all in the developing countries.
The greenhouse effect is a natural phenomenon due to
absorption of solar radiation by the Earths atmosphere,
raising the temperature on the surface of Earth by about
35 C.
The main greenhouse gas is water vapour. Carbon
dioxide, methane, CFCs, and other greenhouse gases
enhance the effect of water vapour.

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Summaries

The characteristic timescale for an excess of water

vapour in the atmosphere to disap- pear is a few days
but, for other greenhouse gases and for the response of
the interactions between the oceans and atmosphere,
the characteristic timescales are typically 101000 years.
Carbon dioxide concentrations have risen from about 280
parts per million by volume in 1750 to about 390 parts
per million by volume today.
Carbon dioxide emissions need to fall to zero by ~2100 in
order to limit the atmospheric concentration to ~450
ppmv and to restrict the temperature rise (compared to
pre- industrial times) to 2 C.

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Summaries

Continuing to rely predominantly on fossil fuels for our

energythe business-as-usual scenariocould cause a
temperature rise of ~4 C and put the world at risk of
significant climate change.
Decarbonizing our electricity and energy supply, coupled
with energy savings, is essential in order to combat
climate change.

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PR

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