BIOL 211

2 Dec. 2014

Author Unknown

Bilaterians: Big Questions

What are the major clades of bilaterian
animals?
What are the major groups of
lophotrochozoans?
What are their body plans?

What are the major groups of ecdysozoans?

What are their body plans?

What are the major groups of invertebrate

deuterostomes?
What are their body plans?

Bilaterians: Big Questions

What are the major clades of bilaterian
animals?
What are the major groups of
lophotrochozoans?
What are their body plans?

What are the major groups of ecdysozoans?

What are their body plans?

What are the major groups of invertebrate

deuterostomes?
What are their body plans?

Ecdysozoa: The Phylogenetic View

Fig. 32.11

Arthropod Phylogeny

Fig. 33.34

Arthropods
Enormously successful clade
Chelicerates, Myriapods, Pancrustaceans
(Insects, crustaceans)

Segmented body plan

Each segment has separate muscles

Hard exoskeleton
protect from desiccation, predators

Jointed appendages
efficient locomotion

Early arthropods had many similar

segments
Segment fusion and specialization
observed through evolution

Fig. 33.28

Arthropod Body Plan

Exoskeleton of protein &
chitin
Early colonizers of land
Well-developed sense organs
Open circulatory system w/
hemocoel
Coelomate
Gills, trachea for gas
exchange

Fig. 33.30

How did arthropod appendages evolve?

Damen et al. 2002. Current Biology 12: 1711-1716, Fig 4.

Chelicerates

Chelicerae feeding appendages

Cephalothorax, abdomen
Lack antennae
Simple eye
Book lungs
Most marine species extinct
Except sea spiders & horseshoe crabs

Terrestrial species = Arachnids

spiders, scorpions
ticks, mites
many parasites of plants or animals

6 pairs of appendages
Head
1 pair pedipalps (sensing, feeding, defense,
reproduction)
1 pair chelicera (feeding)

Thorax
4 pairs of walking legs

Fig. 33.31

Centipedes & Millipedes (Myriapods)

Terrestrial
Head
1 pair antennae
3 pairs appendages modified
as mouthparts

One pair legs per body

segment.
Millipedes have fused pairs of
segments, so two legs.

Millipedes eat decaying plant

matter
Centipedes are carnivores
Have poison claws on first
foreleg.
Fig. 33.33

Pancrustacean
Phylogeny

Insects more closely

related to crustaceans
than to myriapods.
Flight evolved after the
establishment of complex
terrestrial ecosystems.

Misof et al. Science 2014;346:763-767 Fig. 1

 Marine, freshwater, terrestrial

Highly specialized appendages

Crustacean Diversity

2 pairs antennae
3 pairs mouthparts
walking legs on thorax & abdomen

Gas exchange across thin cuticle membrane (small)

or gills (larger)
Waste diffuse across thin cuticle
Reproduce sexually, separate sexes
Most have swimming larval stage.
Several groups, including

Ostracods (planktonic seed shrimp)

Malacostraca (decapods, isopods, amphipods)
Copepods (zooplankton or parasites; host parasites)
Thecostraca (barnicles)

Insects phylogenetically nested within crustacea

Fig. 33.35-.37

Insect Diversity

Dominant terrestrial arthropods

Highly diverse.
Estimate 6-10 million species
Body plan: head, thorax
abdomen.

3 pairs legs on thorax

Gas exchange via trachea
Often 1-2 pair wings
Flight evolved during
Carboniferous & Permian

Insect radiation linked to plant

radiation.
Reproduce sexually
Larvae often distinct from adults
Fig. 33.39

Insect Body Plan

Fig. 33.38

How did insect wings evolve?

Clark-Hachtel et al. 2013. PNAS 110: 16951-16956. Fig. 1

Metamorphosis

Fig. 33.40

Insect Diversity

Fig. 33.41

Bilaterians: Big Questions

What are the major clades of bilaterian
animals?
What are the major groups of
lophotrochozoans?
What are their body plans?

What are the major groups of ecdysozoans?

What are their body plans?

What are the major groups of invertebrate

deuterostomes?
What are their body plans?

Invertebrate Deuterostomes I
Echinoderms
Asteroidea
Ophuroidea
Echinoidea
Crinoidea
Holothuroidea

Fig. 33.42

Sea Star Body Plan

Central disc
Digestive glands

Radial cleavage
Anus forms from
blastopore
Endoskeleton of
calcareous plates
Water vascular system
Tube feet
Extrude stomach through
mouth to digest bivalves
within their shells.
Reproduce sexually
Larvae have bilateral
symmetry
Adults appear pentaradial

Digestive tract

Radial canal

Fig. 32.10; 33.42; http://www8.nos.noaa.gov/coris_glossary/

Invertebrate Deuterostomes II
Chordates
Cephalochordates (Lancets)
Urochordates (Tunicates)
(Vertebrates)

Salp

Chordate Body Plan

Notochord
Dorsal hollow nerve cord
Pharyngeal slits or clefts
Muscular post-anal tail

Cephalochordate: Branchyostoma
Marine
Filter feeder: pharynx traps
food particles
Larvae planktonic
Adults make burrows in sand
Cirri pump water across
pharynx into atrium
Gas exchange across
body wall
Swim with segmental
body
muscles
Fig. 34.4

Chordate lineage of Urochordates seen

in larvae

Fig 34.5

Lose
notochord,
nervous
system & tail

 Cephaplochordates &
urochordates early
branching chordates.
Ancestral chordates

Chordate Evolution

mouth
notochord
dorsal hollow neural
tube
pharyngeal
post anal tail

Clues about vertebrate

brain evolution
Use same Hox genes in
same order
Fig. 34.6

530 mya

While you are studying

What are the major clades of bilaterian
animals?
What are the major groups of
lophotrochozoans?
What are their body plans?

What are the major groups of ecdysozoans?

What are their body plans?

What are the major groups of invertebrate

deuterostomes?
What are their body plans?

While you are studying

What is the evidence that animals are
monophyletic?
What features are shared by all animals?
What are the characteristics of animal body plans?
What are the trade-offs of different body plans?
What challenges to survival do all animals face?
What are the major strategies for meeting them?
What are the characteristics of sponge and
diploblastic body plans?
How do sponges and diploblastic organisms
survive?

While you are studying

1) Describe the synapomorphies that distinguish
animals from other clades.
2) Describe the characteristics of animal body plans.
3) Identify the challenges for survival, and compare
strategies to meet them.
4) Identify significant variations among different animal
life cycles.
5) Compare and contrast the basic body plan,
synapomorphies, and survival strategies for sponges
and diploblastic animals.

Review
Cnidaria & Ctenophores are considered radially symmetrical,
though ctenophores are actually biradially symmetrical, a
transition form between radial & bilateral symmetry.
Protostomes are triploblasts, bilaterally symmetrical, anterior
brain around entrance to digestive tract (e.g. pharynx), ventral
nerve cords.
Lophotrochozoans
named for the lophophore, the ring of ciliated tentacles seen in
bryozoans, brachiopods, phoronids.
evolved multiple times or lost in many groups

named for the trochophore larvae seen in molluscs,

ribbon worms, and bryozoans.

annelids,

likely ancestral, but lost in several lineages.

Mollusks and annelids show spiral cleavage.

Many lophotrochozoans have an internal hydrostatic skeleton
to facilitate movement.

Ecdysozoans

Overview of Protostome Evolution

Protostomes encompass a HUGE number of life
forms.
Factors that have contributed to this diversity:
Segmentation: allowed evolution of rapid movement
Complex life cycles: different stages specialize on
different resources

Diverse feeding structures: allow species to take

advantage of many food sources
Exoskeletons: evolved independently in many groups.
Important for locomotion
Better locomotion: allowed prey to escape more easily,
but also predators to capture prey more easily. An
evolutionary arms race

Vocabulary

Lophotrochophora
Lophophore
Trochophore
Platyhelmenthes
Annelids
Errantians
Sedentarians
Earthworms
Leeches

Mollusks

Chitons
Gastropods
Bivalves
Cephalopods

Visceral mass
Mantle
Foot

Ecdysozoa
Cuticle
Exoskeleton
Nematodes
Arthropods
Myriapods
Chelicerates
Pancrustaceans
Crustaceans
Insects

Tracheae
Spiracles
Complete Metamorphosis
Instar
Pupa

Incomplete Metamorphosis

Place the traits

on the tree
ORGANISMS
acoela
annelid
arthropod
porifera
cnidaria
ctenophore
deuterostomes
platyhelmenthes
mollusc
nematode

TRAITS
bilateral symmetry
blastopore becomes mouth
blastopore becomes anus
complete gut
diploblast
dorsal heart
exoskeleton
jointed appendages
lophophore &/or trochophore larva
mantle & visceral mass
multicellular animal
nervous system with ganglia
parahoxozoa
radial symmetry
segmented body plan
spiral cleavage
triploblast
ventral nervous system
water canal system

Choanoflagellates
Poriphera

Ctenophora

Cnidaria

Acoela

Platyhelmenthes

10

Molluscs

11

Annelids

12
5

Nematodes

13

Arthropods
14

Deuterostomes