Topic 1

Nature and Significance of Leadership

Gary Yukl says:

Leadership is a subject that has long excited
interest among scholars and laypeople alike.
The term connotes images of powerful,
dynamic individuals who command victorious
armies, direct corporate empires from atop
gleaming skyscrapers, or shape the course of
nations. Much of our description of history is
the story of military, political, religious,
business, and social leaders. The exploits of
brave and clever leaders are the essence of many
legends and myths.

Gary Yukl says:

Questions about leadership have long been a subject of
speculation, but scientific research on leadership did not
begin until the twentieth century. The focus of much of
the research has been on the determinants of leadership
effectiveness. Behavioral scientists have attempted to
discover what traits, abilities, behaviors, sources of power,
or aspects of the situation determine how well a leader is
able to influence followers and accomplish group
objectives.

Historical Impact of Leadership

Homers Odyssey emphasizes the importance of self

confidence in successful leadership

Confucian writings emphasize importance of setting a
moral example and using rewards and punishment
Taoism emphasizes that effective leaders maintain a
low profile and work through others
Old and New Testament leadership challenges
confronting Moses
20th Century Publications such as Leadership
Quarterly, books such as Coveys The Seven Habits of
Highly Effective People

Name a Good Leader

Name a good leader (someone you think of when you

think of the word leader).

Do you think about world leaders,

political leaders, business leaders,
religious or social leaders, sports and
entertainment leaders?

Do you think about business

leaders like:
Carly Fiorina

Sue Wellington

Wayne Huizenga

Bill Gates

Sam Walton

Richard Parsons

Steve Jobs

Anne Mulcahy

Jack Welch

Michael Eisner

Jeffrey Immelt

Etc.,Etc.,Etc.

Herb Kelleher

Are these companies known for

leadership?
Southwest

Home Depot

Wal-Mart

Starbucks

Microsoft

Harley Davidson

Dell

Toyota

Disney

Etc.

What are characteristics or

qualifications of good leaders?

Qualifications of Good Leaders

Integrity

Determined

Sincerity

Approachable

Sense of Humor

Flexible

Intelligence

Good Listener

Knowledgeable

Fair

Energetic

Honest

Enthusiastic

Consistent

Leaders You Know

What about a parent/ a friend/
a colleague/ some teacher or
coach you know/ a _________,
or__________.

Good leaders exist in the

smallest and largest of
organizations.

Leadership on Stages Large and Small

Not all leaders are famous or
powerful.
Most leaders are not known outside
their own particular sphere or
activity, nor should they be.
Every one of us has the opportunity
to be a leader.

Rod Kramer, Professor of

Leadership at Stanford
Teaches an MBA Course on Leadership with a
focus on Genius and Folly .

He asks his students to tell him a good leader

(or) one who has leadership potential.
Answer is ______________!!!!!!!!!

Previously, most Leadership

Research/Theory/Study was classified into 4
approaches:

Trait Approach (personal attributes of

Leaders)

Behavior Approach (what manages and leaders

actually do)
Power-Influence Approach (examining

influence processes between leaders and

followers)
Situational Approach (contextual factors)

Great Person Theory of

Leadership
Leaders are born with a set of personal qualities that
make them great leaders
Focus is on identifying the personal traits that
characterize those individuals who emerge as leaders

A Study of the Leadership Process

A fault of some leadership studies

is emphasis upon the individual

rather than the individual as a
factor in a social situation.
Leadership study calls for a
situational approach, which is
fundamentally sociological rather
than psychological

 The study of leadership started

with the assumption that it

was a phenomenon embedded
in the leader, as opposed to
within the follower.
Viewed from a sociological
perspective, leadership is an
interplay and relationship
between two or more actors
within a particular context.

Leadership as Partnership
Leadership is a long-term relationship, or partnership,

between leaders and group members.

The power between leader and group members is
approximately balanced.

Several Approaches to Defining

Leadership

Leadership as a focus of group processes

Leadership as personality and its effects
Leadership as an act or behavior
Leadership as an instrument of goal achievement
Leadership as an emerging effect of interaction
Leadership as a differentiated role
Leadership as the initiation of structure
Leadership as the art of inducing compliance
Leadership as the exercise of influence
Leadership as a form of persuasion
Leadership as a power relationship

Defining Leadership
There are almost as many definitions of
Leadership as there are persons who have
attempted to define the concept. (Stogdill,
1974)

Definitions of Leadership

Leadership Defined
The creative and directive force of morale (Munson,

1921).
The process by which an agent induces a subordinate
to behave in a desired manner (Bennis, 1959).
The presence of a particular influence relationship
between two or more persons (Hollander & Julian,
1969).

Leadership Defined continued

Directing and coordinating the work of group
members (Fiedler, 1967).
An interpersonal relations in which others comply
because they want to, not because they have to
(Merston, 1969, Hogan, Curphy, & Hogan, 1994).
Transforming followers, creating visions of the
goals that may be attained, and articulating for the
followers the ways to attain those goals (Bass, 1985;
Tichy & Devanna, 1986).

Leadership Defined continued

The process of influencing an organized group toward

accomplishing its goals (Roach & Behling, 1984).

Actions that focus resources to create desirable
opportunities (Campbell, 1991).
The leaders job is to create conditions for the team to
be effective (Ginnett, 1996.)

Leadership:
1. Leadership is the behavior of an individual when

he is directing the activities of a group toward a

shared goal. (Hemphill&Coons)
2. Leadership is interpersonal influence, exercised

in a situation, and directed, through the

communication process, toward the attainment of a
specified goal or goals. (Tannenbaum)
3. Leadership is the initiation and maintenance of

structure in expectation and interaction. (Stogdill)

Leadership:
4. Leadership is the influential
increment over and above mechanical
compliance with the routine directives of
the organization. (Katz & Kahn)
5. Leadership is the process of
influencing the activities of an organized

group toward goal achievement. (Rauch

& Behling)

Leadership:
6. Leadership is a process of giving
purpose (meaning direction) to collective
effort, and causing willing effort to be
expended to achieve purpose. (Jacobs &

Jaques)
7. Leaders are those who consistently

make effective contributions to social

order, and who are expected and perceived
to do so. (Hosking)

Peter Senge, The Fifth

Discipline
In a learning organization, leaders are designers,

stewards, and teachers. They are responsible for

building organizations where people continually
expand their capabilities to understand complexity,
clarify vision, and improve shared mental modelsthat is, they are responsible for learning.

Irwin Federman:
If you think about it, people love others not for

who they are, but for how they make us feel.

We willingly follow others for much the same
reason. It makes us feel good to do so. Now, we
also follow platoon sergeants, self-centered
geniuses, demanding spouses, bosses of various
persuasions and others, for a variety of reasons
as well. But none of those reasons involves that
persons leadership qualities. In order to
willingly accept the direction of another
individual, it must feel good to do so.

Irwin Federman (cont.)

This business of making another person feel good in

the unspectacular course of his daily comings and

goings is, in my view the very essence of leadership.

Leadership
The ability to inspire confidence
and support among the people
who are needed to achieve
organizational goals

Definition of Leadership

A leader is any person who influences

individuals and groups within an
organization, helps them in the
establishment of goals, and guides
them toward achievement of those
goals, thereby allowing them to be
effective.

Keys Elements of the Definition

of Leadership
Leadership is a group phenomenon
Leadership is goal oriented; leaders guide
and influence others
Leadership involves some form of hierarchy
in the group

Definition of Leadership
Effectiveness
Leader are effective when their
followers achieve their goals, can
function well together, and can adapt to
the changing demands from external
forces.

Leaders are Effective When:

The group achieves its goals

Internal processes are smooth
The group can adapt to external

forces

A Working Definition of
Leadership
Leadership is the process of influencing others to
understand and agree about what needs to be done and
how to do it, and the process of facilitating individual
and collective efforts to accomplish shared objectives.

Type of Influence Process

Leadership only occurs when influence

attempts results in enthusiastic commitment

All types of influence need to be examined
even when forcing or manipulating
subordinates

What Leaders Can

Influence
The interpretation of external events by

members
The choice of objectives and strategies to
pursue
The motivation of members to achieve the
objectives
The mutual trust and cooperation of members
The organization and coordination of work
activities

What Leaders Can

Influence
The allocation of resources to activities and

objectives
The development of member skills and confidence
The learning and sharing of new knowledge by
members
The enlistment of support and cooperation from
outsiders
The design of formal structure, programs, and
systems
The shared beliefs and values of members

Ron Heifetz:
Leadership is an activity.
Leadership is what individuals do in mobilizing
other people, in organizations or communities, to
do what I call adaptive work.

Ron Heifetz Cont:

Adaptive work can mean clarifying a conflict in
values, or bridging the gap between the values that
we stand for and the current conditions under
which we operate. When you have a problem or a
challenge for which there is no technical remedy, a
problem for which it wont help to look to an
authority for answers the answers arent therethat problem calls for adaptive work.

INC.: Can you give us a succinct

definition of leadership?
HEIFETZ: I define leadership as an activity, not as a set

of personality characteristics. So what Im interested in

is developing peoples capacity to perform a particular
activity, and I call this activity leadership. And the
activity of leadership I define as the mobilization of
the resources of a people or of an organization to make
progress on the difficult problems it faces.

HEIFETZ Cont:
Notice that I am not talking about routine problems; I

dont think they require leadership. Im talking about

difficult problems. In those situations, someone
exercising leadership is orchestrating the process of
getting factions with competing definitions of the
problem to start learning from one another.

Heifetz Cont:
There is so much hunger for leadership in business

today. Everyone wants better leaders. What do great

leaders do?
The real heroism of leadership involves having the

courage to face reality and helping the people around

you face reality. Its no accident that the work vision
refers to our capacity to see. Of course, in business,
vision has come to mean something abstract or even
inspirational. But the quality of any vision depends on
its accuracy, not just on its appeal or on how
imaginative it is.

Heifetz Cont:
Mustering the courage to interrogate reality is a central

function of a leader. And that requires the courage to

face three realities at once. First, what values do we
stand for and are there gaps between those values
and how we actually behave? Second, what are the
skills and talents of our company and are there gaps
between those resources and what the market
demands? Third, what opportunities does the future
hold and are there gaps between those opportunities
and our ability to capitalize on them?

Heifetz Cont:
Now, dont get the wrong idea. Leaders dont answer those questions

themselves. Thats the old definition of leadership: The leader has

the answers the vision and everything else is a sales job to
persuade people to sign up for it. Leaders certainly provide
direction. But that often means posing well-structured questions,
rather than offering definitive answers. Imagine the differences in
behavior between leaders who operate with the idea that
leadership means influencing the organization to follow the
leaders vision and those who operate with the idea that leadership
means influencing the organization to face its problems and to live
into its opportunities. That second idea mobilizing people to
tackle tough challenges is what defines the new job of the leader.

Are Leaders Born or Made?

Do some people just almost seem to have an innate

ability to be leaders a proclivity to lead?

Or
Do you have to learn, study, research, read, and work

at being a leader?

 Some managers may be effective leaders

without ever having taken a course or

training program in leadership.
Some scholars in the field of leadership may

be relatively poor leaders themselves.

 Scientific and artistic perspectives of leadership are

interdependent, not mutually exclusive. Knowing

the leadership research is neither necessary nor
sufficient for being a good leader; however, it does
lend additional perspectives for analyzing
leadership situations.

Thos Kuhn
Kuhn characterized leadership as an immature

science, i.e. not precise we know how to study

leadership but we cant predict human behavior and its
effects with precision.

Even those individuals with extensive

knowledge of the leadership research may
be poor leaders. Knowing what to do is
not the same as knowing when, where and

how to do it. The art of leadership

concerns the skill of understanding
leadership situations and influencing
others to accomplish group goals.

 Formal leadership education may give individuals the

skills to better understand leadership situations, and

mentorships and experience may give individuals the
skills to better influence others.

Leadership Is Both Rational and

Emotional.
Rational techniques

Emotional appeals

Effective Leaders Impact Followers at

Both a Rational and Emotional Level.
Rational:

Emotional:

Establishment of

Emotions affect the

Rules and
Guidelines
Goal-Setting
Decision-Making

(Vroom & Yetton)

perceptions and actions

of leaders and followers
Can be Negative

Sarcasm
Can be Positive -

Inspiring/Charismatic

Leadership is Both Rational and

Emotional
Leadership includes actions and

influences based on reason and logic as

well as those based on inspiration and
passion.
Good leadership is more than just
calculation and planning, or following a
checklist.
Good leadership involves touching
others feelings; emotions play an
important role in leadership too.

Leadership is Both Rational and Emotional

(continued)
Aroused feelings can be used either

positively or negatively, constructively

or destructively.
The mere presence of a group can cause
people to act differently than when they
are alone.
Leaders need to consider both the rational
and the emotional consequences of their
actions.

Warren Bennis
Managers do things right, while
leaders do the right things.

Distinctions Between Managers

and Leaders (Bennis)
Leaders:
Innovate
Develop
Inspire
Take the long-term
view
Ask what and why
Originate
Challenge the status
quo

Managers:
Administer
Maintain
Control
Have a short-term view
Ask how and when
Imitate
Accept the status quo

Leadership and Management

Leader-Team direction

Manager- Structure and systems

Leaders- Effectiveness, results
Managers- Efficiency, methods
Leaders- Build team
Managers- Specific activities

Leadership vs. Management

Kotter:
Management is more formal and scientific than

leadership. It relies on universal skills such as

planning, budgeting, and controlling. Management
is an explicit set of tools and techniques, based on
reasoning and testing, that can be used in a variety
of situations.
Leadership, in contrast to management, involves
having a vision of what the organization can become.
Leadership requires eliciting cooperation and
teamwork from a large network of people and
keeping the key people in that network motivated,
using every manner of persuasion.

Can we make a distinction between

management and leadership?

Safe to say that leadership and

management can be distinguished as
separate functions, but a more
comprehensive approach can be made by
viewing the overlapping function of
managers and leaders.

A Framework for Understanding

Leadership

Alternative Conceptualizations
Self-Leadership

Coleadership

Organizational
Leadership

Servant
Leadership

Strategic
Leadership

Symbolic
Leadership

Small Groups
15 Minutes
Topic: Open

Discussion:
What was topic?
Who suggested topic?
Leader emerge?
Anyone dominate?
Anyone remain silent?