Aerospace Engineering Design

and Materials

Prof Jian Wang

07/11/2013

Chapter 5
Fuselage, Wing & Tail Layout
Practice
Provoke critical think
Get the sense of differences between creative design and classical design
methods

Learning Outcomes
Provide initial consideration of the overall criteria for fuselage design
Provide the knowledge about Fuselage layout
Provide information of size the passenger cabin & other issues for fuselage design
Provide knowledge about wing design parameters in the early stage
Describe how the wing and tail surfaces are defined
Present differences of tail design from wing design

Students should
Understand the considerations of overall criteria for design
Understand design parameters
Understand conventional design procedures
Can perform concept of fuselage and wing

Aerodynamic,
stability/control
structure requirements

Chapter 5
Fuselage, Wing & Tail Layout
Content

Introduction
Fuselage Layout
Passenger Cabin
Forward Fuselage
Rear Fuselage

Wing Layout
Parameter Definition
Aspect Ratio
Aerofoil Section
Sweep
Taper Ratio
Thickness/Chord Ratio

Incidence
Dihedral
Wing Twist
High-Lift Devices
Lateral Control Surfaces

Tail Layout
Tail Planform Geometry
Sizing by Tail Volume Coefficient

Chapter 5
Fuselage, Wing & Tail Layout
Introduction

Aim & Purpose

This chapter starts our detailed consideration of the main
component parts of the aircraft.
Configuration
Characteristic parameters
Procedures

Outline
Fuselage: Container, Carrier
Wing: Lifting force provider
Tail: Controlling structure

Notes
Experience
Information

Chapter 5
Fuselage, Wing & Tail Layout
Fuselage

Overall Parameters

Aircraft Type

lf/df

lfc/df

qfco

Business Jets

7 9.5

2.5 5

6 11

Regionals

5.6 10

24

15 19

Jet Transports

6.8 11.5

2.6 4

11 16

Supersonics

12 25

68

29

Chapter 5
Fuselage, Wing & Tail Layout
Passenger
Cabin

Two geometrical parameters:

Diameter & Length

Layouts
Passengers
Different classes
Seat size
Aisle arrangement
Service facilities (galleys, toilets and wardrobes)
Regulations: minimum dimensions

Loads: under floor baggage/cargo spacecontainer/pallet

Procedures
Shape of the fuselage cross-section
Number of seat abreast
Number of rows
Arrangement plan
Safety
considerations: number of doors (search for
information)

Chapter 5
Fuselage, Wing & Tail Layout
Forward
Fuselage

Elements
Flight deck (cockpit)
Front pressure bulkhead
Forward-looking radar
Nose landing gear

Cockpit
Working environment for the flight crew
The view of the pilot
Accommodation for the equipments
Safety of the crew

Smooth transition from the constant cross-section cabin

to the forward fuselage

Chapter 5
Fuselage, Wing & Tail Layout
Rear
Fuselage

Four musts
Smooth transitiondrag consideration
low side Swept uptake-off consideration
Enough strength: for supporting the tail surface/rear engine

Housing rear pressure bulk

Four noting points

A bluff rear fuselage shape has high drag and is to be avoid
For manufacturing purposes, conical shape rear fuselage

For moderate angles of up-sweep (up to about 12) the

aerodynamic implications are small
Base area (any un-faired rearward facing blunt area) causes
considerable base drag and should be avoided if possible

Fineness ratio: length of the rear section divided by the

cabin diameter

Chapter 5
Fuselage, Wing & Tail Layout
Example

300 seats with 3 classes

The business/first classes are each 29 in (737 mm); aisles 28.5 in (742
mm)
Economy class: 23.75 in (603 mm), aisles 20.5 in (521 mm)
Diameter= 6*737+2*742+2048=6.11 m

Length
Economy= 30 seat rows @ 36 in pitch=1080 (27.43 m)
Business= 8 seat rows @ 40 in pitch= 320 (8.13 m)
First = 2 seat rows @ 60 in pitch=120 (3.05 m)

Total 38.6 m

Chapter 5
Fuselage, Wing & Tail Layout
Example

Lost Area: around entrance, toilet , services

Estimate for this passenger capacity: 10.5 m

Front and rear fuselage

Front: About 6m
Rear: lfc/df =2.6 4= 6.11 * 2.6=16 m
Up-sweep 12
Total Length = 49+6+16=71 m

Chapter 5
Fuselage, Wing & Tail Layout
Wing
Layout

Specialised knowledge
Aerodynamics
Low speed
High speed

Structure
Design
Stress analysis

What affect
the wing
placement?

Static
dynamic

System/Control
Manufacturing
Materials

The wing placement relative to fuselage

Aerodynamics
Structural
Wingfuselage attachment
Effects on cabin
Ground clearance of wing mounted engines
Service of wing mounted engines

Chapter 5
Fuselage, Wing & Tail Layout
Wing
Layout
Continued

Undercarriage configuration
Safety in the event of the aircraft striking the ground/ditching
Effects on passengers (such as cabin noise)

Primary parameters
Incidence
Gross area
Dihedral
Aspect ratio (wing span2/area)
Wing Twist
Aerofoil section(s)
High-Lift Devices
Sweep (normally taken at chord)
Lateral Control Surfaces
Taper Ratio (tip chord/root chord)
Thickness/Chord Ratio (max aerofoil section thickness to chord ratio

Additional issues
Wing mounting position relative to aircraft (high, mid, low)
Engine(s) location (if mounted on the wing)
Landing gear location/storage (if mounted on the wing)
High lift devices

Control surface for lateral control

Chapter 5
Fuselage, Wing & Tail Layout
Wing
Layout

Parameter definition
Wing aspect ratio

Continued
Taper ratio

b2
A (or AR )
S
ct

cr

Chapter 5
Fuselage, Wing & Tail Layout
Wing
Layout
Continued

Examplestraight tapered wings

b

2 2 2
- MAC c c dy
S0

2 2 1
c cr

3 1

trapezoid

Chapter 5
Fuselage, Wing & Tail Layout
Wing
Layout
Continued

Aspect ratio
Determined at initial sizing stageleading to take off weight/wing area
Affects: drag, lift curve slop, span and weight
No trade study at the moment

Aerofoil section
Generated using CFD techniques; very sensible information
Our actions: select one of the NACA or NASA aerofoil
Aerofoil design parameters:
CLMAX
Lift-curve slop, a
CD at designed CL

Critical Mach number, MCR

Pitching moment coefficient, CM(c/4)
Incidence for zero lift

Overall Aerodynamic characteristics of aerofoil: designed to provide

acceptable compromise between
High lift L/D
Good climb performance
Good low speed lift, etc.

Chapter 5
Fuselage, Wing & Tail Layout
Wing
Layout
Continued

Sweep type
Zero sweep
Sweep back
Forward sweep

Sweep back
1535
Delay the drag

Reduce the pick

drag coefficient

Choice of sweep
angle
Wing section
(aerofoil type)
Section thickness
to chord ratio

Chapter 5
Fuselage, Wing & Tail Layout
Wing
Layout
Continued

Taper ratio
Definition: (Tip chord)/(Aircraft central line root chord)
Ideal shape of wing planform: Elliptical Wing
Manufacturing complexities

Straight tapered planform

Adequate wing tip

stiffness and sufficient
chord for ailerons

Simpler to manufacture
Taper ratio=0.4-0.5, 2-3% less efficient than Elliptical Wing

Structural considerationbending moment: taper

Bending moment reduced to zero at wing tip
Constant stress designreduce the depth of the spar
If the same section all along the spanreduce the chord

Aerodynamic considerationtip stall

Main drawback for low taper ratiotip stall (possibly) at high angle of
attack
Twist wing section to fix the problem

Chapter 5
Fuselage, Wing & Tail Layout
Wing
Layout

Thickness/Chord ratio
Definition:
Not a constant usually:
Structural (minimum weight) and volumetric criteria: larger as possible

Continued

More fuel
Bending and shear efficient

Aerodynamic consideration: thinner as possible

Lower drag coefficient
Delay the onset of drag-rise due to shock formation

What you do
Using figure
Using equation

0.877 (0.431 2 10 4 )

(
0
.
1195

0
.
18
C
)

Ldes
n

T
1.387
C Ldes

(WTO 0.4WF )
qS

Chapter 5
Fuselage, Wing & Tail Layout
Wing
Layout
Continued

Incidence
Fuselage: angle of attackfor minimum drag
Wing: angle of attackfor designed lift coefficient
Largely dependent on the wing section
Refer to Table 2

Dihedral
Provide roll stability
Sweep back contributes to lateral stability: roughly 10% dihedral
Forward wing needs increased geometric dihedral
High wing, high swept winged aircraft require anhedral

Select a value based on statistical data

Chapter 5
Fuselage, Wing & Tail Layout
Wing
Layout
Continued

Wing twist
Affect mainly wing-tip stall

Positive or negative
Brief discusses the purpose

High-lift Devices
Reviews & discusses existing design
Discusses their respective geometries (flap chord, flap span)
Using information you obtained

Lateral control surfaces

The same applies to control surface as to high-lift devices

Chapter 5
Fuselage, Wing & Tail Layout
Tail
Layout

Overall
Tail design is an iterative procedure
Initial sizing method: tail volumes

Tail configuration goes first

Chapter 5
Fuselage, Wing & Tail Layout
Tail Plan-form Geometry

Tail
Layout
continued

Horizontal stabiliserpitch & roll

Aspect ratio
Sweep angle
Thickness ratio
Dihedral angle
Incidence angle
Control surface size

Notes for Horizontal stabilizer

Similar to wing design
Sweep & thickness ratio are selected: Mcrit=0.05 higher than wing
Avoid jet efflux
Avoid deep stall
For canards: stalls before the wing & not alter dramatically when laminar
becomes turbulent

Vertical Stabilizeryaw
Select a NACA symmetrical section
Spin recovery

Their locations related to fuselage

Estimation of the required area

Chapter 5
Fuselage, Wing & Tail Layout
Tail
Layout

Deep stall

continued

Sizing by tail volume coefficient

Counters the moments of each other
Proportional to area arm
Volume coefficient: a degree of consistency

Tail & wing

Tail
effectiveness
Volume
coefficient

Chapter 5
Fuselage, Wing & Tail Layout
Tail
Layout
continued

Sizing by tail volume coefficient continued

Definitions:
Tails moment arm
Areas of horizontal and vertical stabilisers
Equations 1 and 2

Your move:
Experiences: Information & knowledge
of existing aircraft

Determine MAC
Position chord
point
CG position
Iterate if necessary

SH

cS
VH
LH

SV

bS
VV
LV

(1)

(2)

Chapter 5
Fuselage, Wing & Tail Layout

Wing Data:
Roskam II pp143148
Notes and PowerPoint slides
Jenkinson