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General Psychology 1

Chapter 1:
Psychology: The Science
of Human Behavior

Introduction
The chapter will introduce the students
to the science of Psychology.
Psychology can be an exciting field to
explore. It can lead us to a new
understanding of people and life.
What
makes
psychology
more
interesting is that we ourselves are the
subject matter.

Psychology
Started as a part of philosophy back to the
ancient Greek philosophers.

Being philosophers, they make assumptions and


not verifying if that assumptions are correct in
reality. But they have contributed much in the
study of human behaviour.

Psychology
Psyche mind or soul.
Logos study of.
Psychology is viewed as the scientific study of
human behavior and mental processes.
Human Behavior refers to any response or
reaction of the individual, be it covert or overt,
rational
or
irrational,
conscious
or
unconscious, simple or complex.

Human Behavior
Covert behavior something hidden by the individual.
Overt behavior readily observe by the individual.
Rational behavior individual thinks logically before doing
anything.
Irrational behavior unreasoned behavior.
Unconscious behavior occurs without the individual being
aware.
Conscious behavior individual is very much aware of
his/her intentions.
Simple behavior individual applies only one sense system
in a particular situation at a given time.
Complex behavior where the different systems including
the subsystems of the human body function at a given
moment.

Branches of Psychology

ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY
Study of abnormal behaviour in order to
describe, predict, explain and change abnormal
patterns of functioning.

BIOLOGICAL PSYCHOLOGY
The scientific study of the biological bases of
behaviour and mental processes.

Branches of Psychology

COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY
Studies the mental processes underlying
behaviour.

COMPARATIVE PSYCHOLOGY
Refers to the study of the behaviour and mental
life of animals other than human beings.

Branches of Psychology

DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY
Focused on the development of human mind
through the lifespan.

PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY

Studies enduring psychological patterns of


behaviour, thought and emotion, commonly
called an individuals personality.

Branches of Psychology

QUANTITATIVE PSYCHOLOGY

Involves the application of mathematical and


statistical modelling in psychological research,
and the development of statistical methods for
analyzing and explaining beehavioral data.

SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY
Is the scientific study of the nature and causes of
human social behaviour and mental processes,
with emphasis on how people think towards
each other and how they relate to each other

School of Psychology
A group of psychologists who became
associated with the leader of a movement.
They shared their ideas about what psychology
was and how it was to be studled.

School of Psychology

Structuralism

Study of conscious
experience

James Wundt founded


structuralism.
James Wundt was recognized
as the Father of Modern
Psychology
Structuralist believed in the
importance of the structure of
the mind. The mind is
structured
through
the
conscious experiences and
used
the
method
called

School of Psychology

Functionalism

Study of sensory stimuli.

John Dewey, William James,


Rowland Angeli and Harvey
Carr spearheaded the group
which tried to retract the idea of
structuralism.
Functionalism stressed the
importance
of
functional
adjustment of an organism to
his environment.
They believed that psychology
should focus on true-to-life
everyday experiences.

School of Psychology

Behaviorism

Study of observable
behavior
This school of psychology was
introduced by John B. Watson
in 1913.
Watson
concentrate
on
observable behaviour and that
the
importance
of
the
environment in shaping an
individuals behaviour.
He explained that behaviour is
measured through stimulus and
response.

School of Psychology

Psychoanalysis

School of Psychology that was


founded by Sigmund Freud
during late 1800s and early
1900s.
This study was based on the
theory
that
behaviour
is
determined by powerful inner
forces, most of which are buried
in the unconscious mind.
Freud discovered that many
problems of adults are traced
based
on
the
childhood

Study of unconsciousnes

School of Psychology

Cognitive

Study of human perception.

Jean Piaget was one of the


leading psychologists in terms
of
studying
cognitive
psychology.
It studies how the perception
influences behaviour and the
way experience influences
perception.

School of Psychology

Existentialist

Unbiased study of intact


experiences.

Brenato
and
Husseri
introduced
the
Existential
Psychology.
Existentialists believed in both
free will and the uniqueness of
the individual.
It concerned the individuals
discovery of self-identity so that
he can commit himself, and
care and love.

School of Psychology

Gestalt

Study of behaviour of organism as a


whole

Max Wertheimer introduced


Gestalt psychology.
Gestalt literally means to
configure or to form or
pattern.
The whole is greater than the
sum of its parts

School of Psychology

Humanistic
Abraham Maslow founded the
Humanistic
school
of
psychology.
Humanistic believed that an
individuals
behaviour
is
primarily determined by his
perception of the world around
him.

Methods of Psychology
Psychologists use a variety of methods either singly or
in combination in order to search for new and useful
information about behaviour.

Experimental
Method
This method is the

most scientific of all methods. It


usually employs the comparison of two groups of
subjects.
In an experiments, the psychologists uses two variables
to treat.
1. Dependent variable the outcome or the result or
the effect.
2. Independent variable considered as the subject of

Methods of Psychology
Introspection
Self-analysis
Method method

wherein a psychologist studies


himself, records his attitudes, perceptions, memories,
feelings and experiences then analyzes these and later
interprets them.

Observation
It
is a purposive examination of behaviour or actions of
Method
individuals or groups particularly for the purpose of
gathering facts and other information. There are two
types of observation:
1. Naturalistic observation
2. Direct observation

Methods of Psychology
Questionaires, Opinionaires,
This
method was used to gather data and
Inventories

other

information about a particular topic.

Testing
Techniques
This
method employs

a standard stimulus, the test


questions to be presented to the individual.

Methods of Psychology
Case-History
This
is an exhaustive
Method

investigation of an individual
wherein you are going to traced the origin and
development of a particular type of behavior.

Survey Method
This investigation is highly controlled. It uses data
obtained
from
respondents
through
written
questionnaires and interviews.

Methods of Psychology
Statistical
This
is used to
Method

understand the test used to evaluate


individuality, in relation to intelligence, aptitude and
personality test.

Interview
This
is a face to face conversation for the purpose of
Method
obtaining factual information for assessing the individual.

Descriptive
This
method describes behaviour without interfering with
Method
behaviour itself.

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