KIDNEY STONE: High Risk

In Arid Region Residents

MSc I (BT)

Under the guidance

Apeksha-05,Aditi-02,Neerja-16,

Dr. Bipinraj NK

Prajakta-22,Vipin-37

OBJECTIVE
To study the high risk of kidney stones in arid
regions.
Study Area- Maharashtra
The objective of the present study is:
1. To classify the reported kidney stones patients as
age, gender, and related diseases to kidney stones.
2. To understand the correlation between kidney stones
and arid habitat.

INTRODUCTION
The term kidney stone is sometimes used to refer to
urolithiasis in any part of the urinary tract; however it is
more properly reserved for stones that are actually in the
collecting duct of the kidney itself.
The term nephrolithiasis can be used to describe the
condition of having kidney stones
and ureterolithiasis can be used to describe the condition
of having stones in the ureter. Renal stone disease is one of
the most common afflictions of modern society,
However, surgical treatment, although they remove the
offending stone, do little to prevent the recurrence.

Relation with the Geographical

condition
Kidney stone is well documented for its geographical
as well as time scale prevalence.
A majority of these area are observed in most of water
scarce areas all over the world.
well identified kidney stone prevalence areas all over
the world like USA, Argentina, Africa, UK , Kuwait ,
Iraq , Sri Lanka and India have been observed.

The same analogy was used by us for

possibility of water scarcity as one of
factor for kidney stone problem in
conducting local hospital-level surveys
environmental conditions.

exploring the
the causative
that area by
and studying

A survey was conducted by us on college students and

local people residing in Pune district with kidney stone
problem.
Parameters like: gender, family kidney stone history,
personal health history and age group classification was
considered to find out the dominant urolith type from the
study area. Individuals were also assessed based on their
current residential place and native state to determine
whether an arid region contributes to an increased risk or
high prevalence of kidney stone.

Risk Factors
Family or Personal History
Age
Gender
Weight
Dehydration
Certain diets
Digestive Diseases
Surgery

Result
1. A total of 49 kidney stone patients of which
23(46.9%) were females and 26 (53.06%) were
males.
Kidney stone was found to be more prevalent in
males as compared to females.
Gender Vs. Region
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
Arid

Semi-arid

Female

Male

Non-arid

The age distribution of the patients was: 22(44.89%)

being between age group of 0-20 and 27(55.1%)
were of age group 20 and above.
It was observed that the frequency of prevalence of
kidney stones was higher in the age group 21-40
residing in arid regions as compared to other age
group people and semi-arid or non-arid residents.
Age Group Vs. Regions
25

Cases

20

15

Cases

10

0
0-20

21-40
arid

0-20

21-40
semi arid

0-20

21-40
non-arid

3.

The individuals were also distributed according to their

native region, Arid (23 i.e. 46.9%), semi-arid (24 i.e.
48.9%) and non-arid
(2 i.e. 4.08%).
4. It was observed that higher number of kidney stone
patients belonged to arid (47%) and semi-arid (49%) regions
as compared to non-arid (4%) region.
Regional Comparison
Non-arid
4%

0%

Arid
47%

Semiarid
49%

4. Contribution of other diseases such as Diabetes, Heart

problems, Digestive problems, Hypertension and Urinary
tract infection was also observed.
UTI, digestive problems and hypertension were
commonly observed in kidney stone patients at higher
frequency.
Diseases relevant to kidney stones
25

20

15

10

No. of cases

diabetes

heart problem

digestive
problem

hypertension

UTI

12

21

19

15

CONCLUSION
In conclusion, we found that high risk of kidney stone
was found in residents of arid region of Maharashtra.
The indices of ambient temperature and sunlight
exposure were independently associated with the
prevalence of kidney stones.

REFERENCES
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Pendse AK, Singh PP. 1986. The etiology of urolithiasis in Udaipur (western part of India). Urol Res.
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Rose A, Westbury EJ. 1975. Influence of calcium content of water, intake of vegetables and fruits and
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Fig 1:- Central Ground water Board, Central Region, Nagpur.
Fig2:- Brenner B and Rector JRF. (2008) Nephrolithiasis. In: Brenner and Rectors: The Kidney.
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Fig 3:- Bartoletti R, Cai T, Mondaini N, Melone F, Travaglini F, Carini M, Rizzo M. (2007)
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urolithiasis. Eur Urol. 40:362-371.