Other Network

Architecture
Chapter 6

Chapter 6

Chapter Objectives - I

Explain token ring topology

Explain token bus topology
Differentiate between token ring, token bus and
Ethernet
Explain FDDI
Describe signaling and connection standards

Chapter 6

Chapter Objectives - II

Understand ATM
Explain AppleTalk
Explain ARCNET
Explain MAN systems, SMDS and DQDB
Describe Ethernet alternatives

Chapter 6

Recall

10Base-T is the most commonly used Ethernet

standard, which provide transmission speed up to
10 Mbps.
The 5-4-3 rule is designed for the number of
repeaters and segments on shared access.
High speed Ethernet standards are:

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Fast Ethernet (100Base Ethernet)

Gigabit Ethernet
10-Gigabit Ethernet

Token Ring - I

Token Ring is a network architecture developed by

IBM
Also known as IEEE 802.5
Uses logical ring topology
Multiple MAUs can be connected to extend the ring

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Token Ring - II

Data transfer is facilitated with the help of token

passing mechanism

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Token Ring - III

Speed is either 4 or 16 Mbps

Performance is significantly faster than Ethernet
networks
Uses physical star topology
Hides logical ring inside a hub, known as
Multistation Access Unit (MAU)
Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP) or Shielded Twisted
Pair (STP) cables are used connect nodes to the
hub

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Token Ring - IV

Advantages:

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Data collision does not

occur
Every station is
allowed to transmit
data
Time required to carry
the amount of data can
be calculated
Minimum cable
requirement

Disadvantages:

System collapses if
links between nodes
are malfunctioning
No alternative link to
transmit the data
Data transmission is
through single direction
Performance degrades
when junk data is
transmitted
8

Token Ring Vs Ethernet

Token Ring

Ethernet

Token Ring network uses token passing mechanism.

Ethernet network use CSMA/CD mechanism.

Physical star topology is used.

Any topology can be used as physical topology.

Defined by IEEE 802.5 standard.

Defined by IEEE 802.3 standard.

Devices in token ring may transmit only at specific time.

Devices can transmit as soon as the medium is free.

Support heavy network traffic and maintains the network

performance.

The performance of the Ethernet network degrades as

network traffic increases.

Token Ring network is deterministic.

Ethernet network is not deterministic as token ring.

Token ring network provides bandwidth efficiency up to

90%.

Ethernet network provides bandwidth efficiency up to 40%.

The network setup and maintenance of token ring is

expensive than Ethernet.

The cost of network equipment is lower for Ethernet.

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Token Bus

Defined by IEEE 802.4

Uses bus topology as physical topology
Token passing mechanism is used for data transfer
like token ring
Token is passed over a virtual ring within network

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10

Token Ring Vs Token Bus

Token Ring

Token Bus

Designed for offices.

Designed for large factories.

Star topology is used as physical topology.

Bus topology is used as physical topology.

A token is passed over the physical ring itself.

A virtual ring is formed over which the token is passed.

Defined by IEEE 802.5 standard.

Defined by IEEE 802.4 standard

Does not provide better bandwidth as compared to token ring

network.

Uses broadband transmission and cabling which provides better

bandwidth.

In Token ring the maximum time that a token will take to reach the
end station can be calculated.

In Token Bus network the maximum time that a token will take to
reach the end station cannot be calculated.

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11

Fiber LAN

Uses different types of fiber optic cables for

interconnection
Types of Fast Ethernet standards which use fiber
optic cables:

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100BASE-FX Uses two filaments of multi-mode

optical fiber cable. Maximum cable length is 400m
100BASE-SX Uses two filaments of multi-mode
optical fiber cable. Maximum cable length is 300m
100BASE-BX Uses single-mode fiber optic cable
FDDI Supports 100 Mbps data rate over fiber optic
cables

12

Fiber Distributed Data Interface

(FDDI)

Provides high performance and multiple stations

networking
Widely used in Metropolitan Area network
Based on token ring architecture

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13

FDDI Network Model

FDDI stations:

SingleAttached Station Connected through a single

connector called S-port
DualAttached Station Connected through A-port
and B-port

FDDI concentrators:

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SingleAttached Concentrator Connected to the

FDDI network through a single connector
DualAttached Concentrator Connected to the FDDI
network through A-port and B-port
14

FDDI Devices

The connectors used in

FDDI are unique
Every FDDI device requires
two connectors to support
two rings
Using fiber optic cabling,
FDDI segments could reach
up to two kilometers
between systems, with a
maximum ring size of 100
kilometers

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15

FDDI Failure Recovery

Wrapping Process Modify the structure of the

network to recover from failure
Recovers network connectivity on failure of FDDI
station
Recovers network connectivity on failure of cables
between any two FDDI stations
Optical Bypass switch Maintain the network
connectivity by providing an optical connection that
bypasses the failed station

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Copper Distributed Data Interface

(CDDI)

Version of FDDI
Uses twisted-pair copper cable instead of fiber optic
cable
Official name - Twisted-Pair Physical MediumDependent (TP-PMD)
Only two types of cables are supported by ANSI
standard for CDDI:

Chapter 6

STP
UTP

17

Signaling and Connection Standards

Ensure that equipments to be used for creating

networks can work together
Signaling
Standards

FDDI

Chapter 6

FOIRL

10Base - F

18

Case Study
The accounts department of Money Maker Bank in
Mumbai is integrated using FDDI technology. One of
the computers have become non functional and a
segment of cable has worn out. The computer needs
to be isolated from the network and the connectivity of
the network needs to be maintained.

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Problem

Unable to identify failure recovery method

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20

Suggested Solution

Use of optical bypass switches is needed to isolate

the computer from the network. The cable fault can
be rectified with wrapping.

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Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM)

Network protocol which converts the data traffic into

stream of fixed size cell before transmission
Designed to transfer data simultaneously from
multiple sources
Can be employed in both LAN and WAN
environments
Can provide a maximum data speed of 622 Mbps

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ATM Protocol Reference Model

ATM protocol reference model describes the

functions of different types of layers and
organizational units that act on data when it is
transmitted using ATM technology.

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ATM Performance

Throughput Rate at which ATM cells depart from the

ATM switch
Connection Blocking Probability Defines the probability
of Non-availability of enough resources for generating
physical connections between inlet and outlet
Cell Loss Probability Defines a no. of data cell that can
be handled by a switch queue
Switching Delay Time required for cell to pass through
the ATM switch
Cell Delay Variation Probability that the switching delay
of the ATM switch exceeds the certain value

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AppleTalk

AppleTalk protocol suite was developed by Apple

Computers for use on Macintosh computers
Developed to allow the multiple users to share
resources
AppleTalk protocol suite is also compatible with
Ethernet, Token Ring and FDDI network
architectures
AppleTalk is an early implementation of distributed
client-server networking system

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25

AppleTalk Network Components

Sockets Location in AppleTalk node which is

recognized by a unique address
Nodes Device which is a part of an AppleTalk
network e.g. computer, printer or router
Networks Consists of a cable with multiple nodes
connected to the cable
Zones Constitutes a group of nodes and network
which are logically associated

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AppleTalk Network Address

AppleTalk uses addressing to identify and recognize

every device on a network similar to other common
protocols
Address is broadcast to all other nodes to determine
whether it has been already utilized
Fields in AppleTalk network address:

Chapter 6

Network number
Node number
Socket number

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LocalTalk

LocalTalk is obsolete but its relation to Appletalk, a

popular piece of networking software is found on
every Apple brand computer
Supported by AppleTalk network protocol for
Macintosh computers
Implemented at the data link-layer
Uses network bus topology

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ARCNET

Attached Resource Computer NETwork (ARCNET)

First LAN system introduced by Datapoint
Corporation
Uses a Token Passing bus structure similar to
Token Ring
Logical structure is always a bus
255 nodes per network and supports speed up to 20
Mbps
supports segment lengths up to 600 meters

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ARCNET Devices

Active Hub Splits and amplifies the signal, isolates

the port electrically
Passive Hub Splits signals
ARCNET Card - Different types of network interface
card (NIC) can be used depending upon the type of
network topology
BNC Terminator Prevent signal reflection in
network

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ARCNET - Cables

Coaxial Cable Inexpensive and provide high

propagation factor
Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP) Twisted pair
cables are easy to terminate
Fiber Optic Lower propagation factor than
coaxial cable

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31

MAN

MAN connects different LANs

Cover large distances to function across city
MAN Systems

Switched
Multimegabit
Data
Service (SMDS)
Chapter 6

Distributed
Queue
Dual Bus (DQDB)

32

Switched Multimegabit Data Service

(SMDS)

High speed packet-switched MAN technology used

for communication over public data networks
(PDNs)
SMDS is the first broadband service that was
provided to the public
Packets transferred are of variable length and
contains the source and destination address
Allows the packets to flow from one LAN to another
Standard speed is 45 Mbps

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SMDS Network Components

Provide high-speed data transmission service

Network
Components

Customer
Premises
Equipment
(CPE)
Chapter 6

Carrier
Equipment

Subscriber
Network
Interface
(SNI)
34

SMDS Interface Protocol (SIP)

Connectionless service
Used for communication between CPE and SMDS
carrier equipment
Based on IEEE 802.6 Distributed Queue Dual Bus
(DQDB) standards
Consists of three levels:

Chapter 6

SIP Level 3
SIP Level 2
SIP Level 1

35

IEEE 802.6 Standard

Mainly developed for MANs

Uses the Distributed Queue Dual Bus (DQDB)
network form
DQDB is Data-link layer communication protocol
Used for data, voice and video transmission based
on cell switching technology
DQDB can cover distance up to 30 miles and
supports transfer rate ranging from 34 Mbps to 154
Mbps
DQDB consists of two unidirectional buses

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Alternatives to Ethernet

Sometimes it is impossible to run Ethernet cabling

so no new wire networking technologies can be
used
In alternatives to Ethernet two or more computers
can be connected into a LAN without running a wire
Three networking technologies are:

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Wireless LANs
Phone line networks
Power line networks

37

Wireless LANs

Wireless networks enable the user to move around

the house and use the computer.

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Phone Line Networks

Phone line networks provide satisfactory

performance at a much lower cost than wireless
systems.

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Power Line Networks

Power Line Networks are attached to the PC

through parallel port and by using existing wiring to
carry networking data
Use radio signals which are easily affected by
interference
Offer performance of 350 Kbps

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Summary - I

The network arrangement and data communication is

given by logical topology
Token ring and token bus are the two logical topologies
A token passing mechanism is used in both token ring
and token bus
100Base-FX, 100 Base SX and 100BaseBX and FDDI
are types of fiber LAN
Single-attached station (SAS) and Dual-attached station
(DAS) are the different types of FDDI stations
SAS is connected to the FDDI network through a single
connector called S-port

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Summary - II

Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) network protocol

converts data into a stream of fixed size cell before
transmission
Apple Computers has designed a protocol suite known
as AppleTalk
The network components of AppleTalk are sockets,
nodes, network and zones
Attached Resource Computer NETwork (ARCNET), the
first LAN system and supports up to 255 nodes
The different types of devices used in ARCnet are, active
hub, passive hub, ARCnet card and BNC terminator

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Summary - III

The most prominently used type of cabling for ARCnet

are, coaxial cables, UTP and fiber optic
Point-to-point, distributed star, bus, daisy chain are the
different topologies which are suitable for ARCnet
MAN uses Switched Multimegabit Data Service (SMDS)
and Distributed Queue Dual Bus (DQDB) systems
SMDS is a connectionless, high speed packet-switched
technology used for communication over public networks
DQDB is a Data-link layer communication protocol
IEEE 802.6 standard uses DQDB network form
The Ethernet alternatives are, Wireless LANs, Phone
line networks and Power line networks

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