English Grammar Guide for Beginners

ENGLISH
GRAMMER
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Grammar Unit One:

Lesson One
Types of Nouns
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Definition
A NOUN is a word that names a person, a
place, a thing, or an idea.
thing
person
?
idea
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IDEA ?
Why cant we identify the idea in this picture?
Ideas are thoughts and
cannot be seen. Examples of
ideas include happiness, joy,
pain, and fairness.
What ideas might this person have?
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Kinds of Nouns
There are two basic kinds of nouns:
1.
2.
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Common
Proper
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Common Nouns
A COMMON NOUN names a general person, place,
thing, or idea. It does not refer to something
specific.
shoe
cat
house
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Proper Nouns
A PROPER NOUN names a specific person, place,
thing, or idea. It refers to a NAME of a noun.
Nike
Felix
White House
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Proper and common nouns

COMMON
PROPER
COMMON
PROPER
day
Saturday
associations
Members Club
month
October
movies
Titanic
mountain
Everest
planets
Neptune
river
The Amazon
city
San Juan
ocean
Pacific Ocean
historical periods
Middle Ages
book
Applied Linguistic
language
Spanish
newspaper
New York Times
nationality
Puerto Rican
religion
Catholic
School course
English 101
brand of product
Cadillac
institutions
University of
Puerto Rico
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Concrete & Abstract Nouns

In addition to common and proper
nouns, there are also CONCRETE and
ABSTRACT nouns.
Hatsconcrete noun
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CONCRETE NOUNS
CONCRETE NOUNS are nouns that you
can see, hear, touch, smell, or taste.
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Abstract NOUNS
ABSTRACT NOUNS are nouns that you
cannot see, hear, touch, smell, or taste. They
are ideas, qualities, and feelings that cannot
be seen or touched.
RESPONSIBILITY
FAIRNESS
JUSTICE
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Count and non-count nouns
Count nouns
a book
one book
books
two books
some books
a lot of books
many books
a few books
Non-count nouns
money
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some money
a lot of money
much money
a little money
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Common non-count
nouns
advice, furniture, love, peace,
homework, luck information, food,
mail, music, traffic, weather, work,
bread, cheese, coffee, rice, sand,
meat, milk, water, sugar, money,
oil,
liquids
abstracts
food
gases
materials (paper)
general
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Nouns (singular and plural)
Rule No. 1 (Add s to the end of noun)

cup
student
cups
students
Rule No.2 consonants before y

change y to i and add es
city -cities party- parties lady-ladies
Rule No.3
boy boys
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vowels before y
add s
key keys day -days
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Singular and plural (cont.)
Rule No. 4 (f and fe endings)

change the f or fe to v and es
life lives wife wives thief thieves
Rule No. 5 (sh, ch, x, ss endings) add es
bush bushes
match matches
box
-boxes
kiss
-kisses
Rule No. 6 (consonant + o) add es (vowel +o) s
tomato tomatoes
radio radios
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Practice Exercises
Use the plural form to fill in the blanks. (provided list)
Baby
Boy
City
Country
Lady
Party
Tray
Key
Dictionary
cowboy
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They have one girl and two ______.

I visited many _______ last year.
Women give birth to _______.
She lost the _____ of the car and the house!
_____ rides horses in Texas.
Madrid and Paris are beautiful _______.
We must bring ______ to the English class.
Good evening _____ and gentleman.
On Saturday nights, I like to go to _______.
People carry their food on _____ at the cafeteria.
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Pronunciation of plurals (s / es)
Group A
Final s is pronounced /z/ after voiced sounds
(taxicabs, beds, dogs, balls, years, days, boys, trees, etc.)
Group B
Final s is pronounced /s/ after voiceless sounds
(books, cups, groups, cats, students, desks, etc.)
Group C Final s, es is pronounced /ez/

after s sounds (classes, horses, boxes, faces)
after z sounds
(sizes, roses, noises)
after sh sounds (dishes, bushes)

after ch sounds (matches, sandwiches)
after ge/dge sounds (pages, ages, bridges, edges)
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Irregular plural forms (exceptions)

Child
children
Foot
feet
Man
men
Woman
women
Mouse
mice
Tooth
teeth
Fish
fish
_____
people
(is always plural) (no s)
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Classify these Nouns:

bike
scissor
s
planet
Jupiter
desk
judge
snow
Roaring Spring
dollar
city
Pennsylvania
Christian
Islam
friendship
justice
COMMON
CONCRETE
bike
planet
scissors
judge
dollar
desk
PROPER
snow
city
Christian
Jupiter
Islam
Roaring
Spring
Pennsylvania
ABSTRACT
justice
friendship
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Check
your
chart:
COMMON
CONCRETE
ABSTRACT
bike
planet
desk
scissors
judge
dollar
PROPER
snow
city
Jupiter
Christian
Islam
Roaring
Spring
Pennsylvania
justice
friendship
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Practice
Identify the nouns in each sentence. Then classify it as cc (common
concrete), ca (common abstract), pc (proper concrete), or pa (proper
abstract).
1. The children play with their toys.
An: The children play with their toys.
cc
cc
2. Skylar rides the bus to Spring Cove Middle School.

An: Skylar rides the bus to Spring Cove Middle School.
pc
cc
pc
3. Ramadan is celebrated by Muslims around the world.

An: Ramadan is celebrated by Muslims around the world.
pc
pc
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cc
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Practice Continued
4. Mrs. Maugles students have great respect for her.
AN: Mrs. Maugles students have great respect for her.
pc
cc
ca
5. Students have a barrel of fun in Miss McElhattens class.

AN: Students have a barrel of fun in Miss McElhattens class.
cc
cc
ca
pc
cc
6. Write a sentence using a common concrete and a proper

concrete noun. Underline each of the nouns and label them
accordingly.
7. Write a sentence using a common concrete and a common
abstract noun. Underline each of the nouns and label them
accordingly.
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Testing Your Knowledge

What is a noun?
a person, place, thing, or idea
What is a concrete noun?
a noun that can be seen, touched, heard, tasted, or smelled
What is a abstract noun?
a noun that cannot be seen, touched, heard, tasted, or felt.

They are ideas, qualities, and feelings that cannot be seen or
smelled
What is a proper noun?
A noun that names a specific person, place, thing, or idea
What is a common noun?
A noun that names a general person, place, thing, or idea.
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Lesson 2:
What are Pronouns?
He
We
We
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She
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What are pronouns?

Pronouns take the place
of nouns. The word or
phrase replaced by a
pronoun is called an
antecedent.
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Example:
Diwali is one of India's
holidays. It is celebrated in
October.
(Diwali is a noun. It is a
pronoun that refers to the
antecedent, Diwali.)
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Example:
When Robert was fixing the
car, he cut his hand.
(Robert is a noun. He is a
pronoun that refers to the
antecedent, Robert.)
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Personal Pronouns
Refer to people or things
Include: I, me, my, mine,
you, your, yours, he, him,
his, she, her, hers, it, its,
they, them, their, theirs,
we, us, our, ours.
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ME!
28
Examples:
1. He
took her place

in the game.
2. Their main
objective is to scare
students.
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Now you try. Which of the following

contains a correct pronoun?
A. A hill is next to them. It is
very steep.
B. Jeff rides his new bike. Him
rides it down the block.
C. Rickie gets on the plane. They
are very excited about his trip.
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Missed it! Try

Again
Think about what or who
the pronoun represents.
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Got it! Now try

another.
A hill is next to them. It is
very steep.
A hill= It
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Choose the correct pronoun.

Skateboards are fun, but
can be dangerous.
A. them
B. it
C. they
D. we
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Missed it! Try

Again
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Got it! Now try

another.
Skateboards are fun, but
they can be dangerous
Skateboards = they
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Speed bumps help to slow down
cars.
are found in
many parking lots.
A.
It
B.
You
C.
Them
D.
They
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Missed it! Try

Again
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Got it! Now try

another.
Speed bumps help to slow
down cars. They are found
in many parking lots.
bumps = They
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Marisa and Nora made their own
costumes.
wanted to save money.
A.
Them
B.
We
C.
They
D.
She
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Missed it! Try

Again
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Got it! Now try

another.
Marisa and Nora made their own
costumes.
They wanted to save money.
Marisa and Nora = They
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Which of the following contains a

correct pronoun?
A. A hill is next to them. They
are very steep.
B. Jeff rides his new bike. Him
rides it down the block.
C. Rickie gets on the plane. He is
very excited about his trip.
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Missed it! Try

Again
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Got it! Now try

another.
Rickie gets on the plane.
He is very excited about
his trip.
Rickie
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= He
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Which of the following contains a

correct pronoun?
A. Blake skated to the edge of the
rink. He was finished with
practice.
B. The house has two stories. She
was built in 1910.
C. Mary and Dave rode their bikes to
the playground. Them will build a
sandcastle.
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Missed it! Try

Again
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Got it!
Blake skated to the edge of
the rink. He was finished
with practice.
Blake
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He
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Lesson 3
Appositives
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definition
An APPOSITIVE is a noun that is
placed next to another noun to identify
it or add information about it. It is
usually set off by commas.
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example
appositive
Miss McElhatten, a teacher, is from

Northwestern Pennsylvania.
commas
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Appositive phrases
There are also APPOSITIVE PHRASES.
An APPOSTIVE PHRASE is a group of
words that include es an appositive and other
words that help it.
Mr. Grozanick, a totally awesome

social studies teacher, teaches at
Spring Cove Middle School.
Appositive phrase
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Guided practice
Copy the following sentences into your notes.
Underline the appositive or appositive phrases and
add appropriate commas. Last, circle the noun the
appositive identifies.
1. My new puppy a golden retriever is learning to swim.
2. A true sportsman Uncle Bill never keeps the fish he catches.
3. My science teacher Mr. Synder has a pet bearded dragon.
4. Mr. Nevins a math teacher always displays a Christmas tree.
5. Diwali the Hindu New Year is celebrated in October or November.
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Guided practice: Answers

Check your answers.
1. My new puppy, a golden retriever, is learning to swim.

2. A true sportsman, Uncle Bill, never keeps the fish he catches.
3. My science teacher, Mr. Synder, has a pet bearded dragon.
4. Mr. Nevins, a math teacher, always displays a Christmas tree.

5. Diwali, the Hindu New Year, is celebrated in October or November.
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Testing Your Knowledge

1. What is an appositive?
AN: word or phrase that identifies a noun
2. What punctuation do you use with appositives?
AN: commas
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What is an adjective?
Adjective is a word which describes a noun
adjectives
noun
big
fast
car
expensive
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Exercises
List of adjectives
hot
nice
short
kind
exciting
good
bad
tired
big
pleasant
intelligent
happy
pretty
annoyed
tasty
upset
thin
young
lovely
attractive
unhappy
careless
perfect
terrible
ugly
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VERBS
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Verbs. What is a verb?

A verb is a word which describes the
action in a sentence (the doing word)
Examples
I play football.
They skip quickly.
We eat spaghetti.
Bob is seven today.
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Action Verbs
jump
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What is an action verb?
A verb is one of the most important

parts of the sentence. It tells the
subjects actions, events, or state of
being.
It is always found in the
predicate of a sentence. A verb that
shows action is called an action verb.
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The words are action verbs:
ran
coughed
swallowed
ride
awake
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To find the verb:

Locate the subject
Then ask yourself, What is it doing?

The dog barked.
Who?
dog
What did the dog do?

barked
The verb is barked, its what the dog is doing.
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Lets
Practice:
The big lion roared loudly.
Who?
Lion
What did the lion do?

roared
The verb is roared, its what the lion is doing.
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Lets Practice:
The lighthouse shines brightly.
What?
lighthouse
What does the lighthouse do?
shines
The verb is shines, its what the lighthouse does.
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Lets Practice:
The snowman waves his hat to us.
Who?
Snowman
What did the snowman do?
waves
The verb is waves, its what the snowman is doing.
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Lets Practice:
Alexander takes his bath.
Who?
Alexander
What does Alexander do?
takes
The verb is takes, its what Alexander is doing.
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Lets Practice:
Sally dances in the recital.
Who?
Sally
What does Sally do?

dances
The verb is dances, its what Sally is doing.
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Lets Practice:
Mrs. Smith arrives late.
Who?
Mrs. Smith
What did Mrs. Smith do?
arrives
The verb is arrives, its what Mrs. Smith does.
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Lets Practice:
Stars shine brightly at night.
What?
stars
What did the stars do?

shine
The verb is shine, its what the stars are doing.
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Lets Practice:
Time flies when youre having fun.
What?
time
What does time do?

flies
The verb is flies, its what time is doing.
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Lets Practice:
Tommy plays baseball every year.
Who?
Tommy
What does Tommy do?

plays
The verb is plays, its what Tommy does.
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Lets Practice:
Jacob beats on his drum all day.
Who?
Jacob
What does Jacob do?

beats
The verb is beats, its what Jacob is doing.
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Lets Practice:
The bumble bee buzzes near the flower.
What?
bee
What does the bee do?

buzzes
The verb is buzzes, its what the bee is doing.

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Can you find the action verb in each

sentence?
1.
2.
3.
4.
The girls danced in the recital.

Our mailman drove a funny car
last week.
His teacher wrote the answers on
the board.
Alice worked on her homework last
night.
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Verb Tenses
Verb tenses describe WHEN the action

is happening.
PAST (its ALREADY happened.)
PRESENT (its happening NOW.)
FUTURE (its ABOUT to happen.)
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Past Verbs
Verbs
which tell about actions

which happened some time ago
are past tense verbs.
The dog wanted a

bone.
Wanted is a past tense verb

because the action has
already happened.
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Past tense verbs

Many
past tense verbs end

with ed, but some end with
d, or ied.
tried
clapped
played
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Present tense to past tense.
The following sentences are written in the present tense.

Try changing them to the past tense by putting Yesterday
at the beginning of each.
I eat spaghetti.
They skip quickly.
Bob is seven.
I play football.
How have the verbs changed?

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How did you do?

Yesterday
I ate spaghetti.
Yesterday they skipped quickly.
Yesterday Bob was seven.
Yesterday I played football.
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Present verbs
An
action verb that describes an

action that is happening now is
called a present tense verb.
The bird flies through

the sky.
Flies is a present tense verb
because it is happening right
now.
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Present tense verbs

Many
present tense verbs

end with s, but some end
with es, or ies.
sleeps
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cries
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Past to present
These sentences are in the past.
Change them to the present by putting today at the front of
each.
Sarah felt hot.

The cow jumped over the moon.
John sat outside in the garden.
The mouse ran up the clock.
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How did you do?

Today
Sarah feels hot.

Today the cow jumps over the
moon.
Today John sits outside in the
garden.
Today the mouse runs up the
clock.
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Future Verbs
Verbs
which tell about actions

which are going to happen are
future tense verbs.
We will awaken at six a.m.

Will awaken is a future
tense verb because the
action has not yet happened.
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Future tense verbs

Future
tense verbs use special

words to talk about things that
will happen: will, going to, shall,
aim to, etc.
will enjoy
going to start
shall email
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Helping Verbs
A helping verb works with a main verb

to help you understand what action is
taking place.
Elmer was
using the
computer.
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23 Helping Verbs
may
might
must
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be
being
been
am
are
is
was
were
do
does
did
(main)
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should
could
would
have
had
has
(main)
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will
can
shall
Helping Verbs
Other things to keep in mind:
Not every sentence will have a helping verb with
the main verb.
When you see an "ing" verb such as "running", be
on the lookout for a helping verb also.
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Helping Verbs
Sometimes there is another word which
separates the helping verb from the main
verb. One common example is "not", as
in: The boy couldn't find his socks. The helping
verb is could and the main verb is find.
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Helping Verbs
A sentence may contain up to three
helping verbs to the main verb. An
example would be: The dog must have been
chasing the cat. The helping verbs are: must,
have, and been; the main verb is
chasing.
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The future tense.
The future tense is used to describe what will or

could happen. Change these sentences to the
future tense by adding tomorrow at the start of
each.
Jack and Jill went up the hill.

Thomas chased the mouse.
Lucy entered the wardrobe.
Bo Peep lost her sheep.
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How did you do?
Tomorrow
the hill.
Tomorrow
mouse.
Tomorrow
wardrobe.
Tomorrow
sheep.
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Jack and Jill could/will go up

Thomas could/will chase the
Lucy could/will enter the

Bo Peep could/will lose her
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Verb Tense Overview with Examples

Simple Present
Simple Past
Simple Future
I study English every day.
Two years ago, I studied English

in England.
If you are having problems, I will help

you study English.
I am going to study English next year.
Present Continuous
Past Continuous
Future Continuous
I am studying English now.
I was studying English when

you called yesterday.
I will be studying English when you

arrive tonight.
I am going to be studying English when
you arrive tonight.
Present Perfect
Past Perfect
Future Perfect
I have studied English in

several different countries.
I had studied a little English

before I moved to the U.S.
I will have studied every tense by the

time I finish this course.
I am going to have studied every tense by
the time I finish this course.
Present Perfect Continuous
Past Perfect Continuous
Future Perfect Continuous
I had been studying English for I will have been studying English for
I have been studying English
over two hours by the time you arrive.
five years before I moved to the I am going to have been studying English
for five years.
U.S.
for over two hours by the time you arrive.
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Simple Present
Present Continuous
accept
Was accepting
have accepted
you
accept
you
Were accepting
you
have accepted
He, She
Was accepting
He, She
has accepted
He, She accepts
Present Perfect
we
accept
we
Were accepting
we
have accepted
you
accept
you
Were accepting
you
have accepted
they
accept
they
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they
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PRESENT SIMPLE: Use
We use present simple to talk about

habits and routines.
When appear these adverbs: Always,
every day, usually, often, sometimes,
rarely, barely, hardly ever, never.
With timetables: Bus, planes,
underground,
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PRESENT SIMPLE: Form
The present simple uses the same form

as the infinitive for all persons, except
the third person singular.
To form the negative, we add the
auxiliary verb do + not (dont) before
the verb, except the third person
singular, when we use does + not
(doesnt)
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PRESENT SIMPLE: Form

NEGATIVE
AFFIRMATIVE
INTERROGATIVE
I play
I do not (dont) play
Do I play?
You play
You do not play
Do you play?
He/She/It plays
He does not
(doesnt)play
Does he/she/it play?
We play
They play
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They do not play
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Do we play?
Do they play?
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PRESENT CONTINUOUS: Use
To talk about actions happening now, at the

moment of speaking. (I'm writing a letter)
When you talk about something happening

now but not necessarily when you are
speaking. (Im looking for a job at the moment)
When you talk about something has decided

and itll do in the future. (I'm meeting a friend
this evening)
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PRESENT CONTINUOUS: Form
We form the present continuous with verb TO BE + adding

ing directly to the infinitive of the verb. DO - DOING
With verbs that end in e, we omit the vowel and add ing.
HAVE - HAVING
With verbs of one syllabe that end in a vowel + a consonant,

we double the final consonant and add ing. CUT CUTTING
With verbs that end in l, we always double the l. TRAVEL

- TRAVELLING
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PRESENT CONTINUOUS: Form

AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
INTERROGATIVE
Im playing
I am not playing
Am I playing?
Youre playing
You are not playing
Are you playing?
He/She/It is playing
He is not playing
Is he/she/it playing?
Were playing
We are not playing
Are we playing?
Theyre playing
They are not playing
Are they playing?
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PRESENT PERFECT: Use
To talk about past experiences when you dont say when

something happened.
With already, just, and yet.
With superlatives and the first, second, last time,etc.
For finished actions (no time is specified) which are
connected in some way with the present.
With How long? And for/since with non-action verbs
(=verbs not usually used in the continuous form, e.g. be,
have, know, like, etc.) to say that something started in the
past and is still true now.
TIME EXPRESSIONS Ever and never
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Ive passed my driving test!

Have you seen the new teacher?
the servant has cleaned the house

Adolf Hitler bombed London
Since and for
'For' - (how long something has lasted) Weve had this

computer for about six months.
'Since' - (when something started)
Weve had this car since January
Ive known Eric since 1989.
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Ive known Eric for 15 years
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Just
Yet and already
Ive just made tea, would you like a cup?
'yet'
Have you done your homework yet?
'already
Yes, Ive already finished my homework
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PRESENT PERFECT: Form

We form the present perfect with to have (auxiliary) and
past participle of the verb.
to have + past participle
Ive lost my book. I dont have it now

Have you seen the new Leonardo Di Caprio film?
Your sister has left the door open. The door is open now
Hasnt Danny got married yet? Is he still single?
Ive finally found a job . I have a job now
Ive known her since I was a child.
Shes had the job for six months.
Have you ever eaten orange? Ive never eaten an orange.
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PRESENT PERFECT: Form

AFFIRMATIVE:
NEGATIVE:
I have played
He has not played
You have played

INTERROGATIVE:
He has played
We have played
Have you played?
They have played
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PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS:Use
With How long? And for/since with

action verbs to say that action started
in the past and is still happening now.
For repeated actions, especially with a
time expression, e.g. all day, recently.
For continuous actions which have
just finished (but which have present
results)
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PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS:Use
The present perfect simple

emphasizes the completion of an action.
Weve painted the kitchen. (=the
painting is finished).
The present perfect continuous
emphasizes the continuation of an
action. Weve been painting the kitchen.
(=the painting is probably not finished).
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PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS:Form

I have been playing
He has been playing
I have not been playing
Have I been playing?
Haven't I been playing?
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PAST SIMPLE: Use

a.) Use past simple when you talk about finished actions in the past.
Usually goes with frequency adverb.
I bought this car last year
b.) To express indeterminate action in the past.
They used pencils and paper
c.) To express habits and routines in the past.
They never drank alcohol
d.) To express improbable condition.

If I saw her, I should speak to her
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PAST SIMPLE: Form
Add ed at the end of the verb. SAVE -SAVED
Verbs that end in e: add d only. TRY-TRIED
Verbs that end in a consonant + -y: change the y to i and add

ed. ROB-ROBBED
One-syllable verbs ending in one vowel and one consonant:
double the final consonant and add ed. STOP-STOPPED
Verbs of two or more syllabus ending in one vowel and one

consonant: double the final consonant if the final syllabe is
stressed. TRANSMIT-TRANSMITTED
Verbs that end in l: double the l TRAVEL-TRAVELLED
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PAST SIMPLE: Form

AFFIRMATIVE
I played
NEGATIVE
I did not play
You played
You did not play
He/She/It played
He did not play
We played
We did not play
They played
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They did not play
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SIMPLE PAST: Form

INTERROGATIVE
INT.-NEGATIVE
Did I play?
Didn't I play?
Did you play?
Didn't you play?
Did he play?
Didn't he play?
Did we play?
Did they play?
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Didn't we play?
Didn't they play?
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PAST CONTINUOUS: Use

a.) To express an action in progress in the past.
It was raining
b.) To express two actions which were happening at the same time.
I was reading the newspaper while I was walking home
c.) To express two actions which were happening in the past but
one of them started before the other.
When I arrived John was talking on the phone
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PAST CONTINUOUS. Form:
I was playing
I was not playing

Was I playing?
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Past Perfect Tense
To form the Past Perfect Tense we

use had with the past participle form of
the verb. Most past participles end in ed (painted, arrived, visited, etc.).
Irregular verbs have special past
participles that must be memorized.
(told, said, spoken, eaten, etc.)
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THE FUTURE (Will): Use

We use will/wont to talk about the
future.
To make predictions.
To make promises and rapid
decisions.
To make an offer.
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THE FUTURE (Will): Use

PREDICTION: the weather will be
worse tomorrow.
PROMISE: I promise Ill come back
early.
RAPID DECISION: Ill do it
immediately.
OFFER: Ill cook tonight.
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THE FUTURE (Will): Form

Affirmative clause
Subject + will + main verb--> I will eat
Negative clause
Subject +will + not + main verb --> I will not eat
Interrogative clause
Will + subject + verb principal? -->Will I eat?
Short forms
I'll, you'll, he'll, she'll... (affirmative)
I won't, you won't, she won't... (negative)
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THE FUTURE (to be+going to):Use
We use going to to talk about plans

and intentions for the future.
Theyre going to get married in May.
We use going to to make predictions

based on present evidence.
She is very sad, I think she is going to cry.
We can give our opinion using be

going to and the expression I think
Its very cloudy. I think its going to rain.

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THE FUTURE (to be+going to):Form
The structure be going to uses the

present continuous of the verb go + the
infinitive with to.
I am going to see a film tonight.
In short answers we use the verb to be.
Are they going to study? Yes, they are.
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THE FUTURE (to be+going to):Form

AFFIRMATIVE:
You are going to study.
NEGATIVE:
You arent going to study.
INTERROGATIVE:
Are you going to study?
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Irregular Verbs
A Project Activity
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COMMON IRREGULAR VERBS
blow
Present
Past
Past
Participle
Can you list these verb forms?

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COMMON IRREGULAR VERBS
blow
Present
Past
Past
Participle
blow
blew
blown
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break
Present
Past
Past
Participle

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break
Present
break
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Past
Past
Participle
broke broken
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catch
Present
Past
Past
Participle

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catch
Present
catch
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Past
Past
Participle
caught caught
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choose
Present
Past
Past
Participle

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chose
Present
chose
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Past
Past
Participle
chose chosen
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come
Present
Past
Past
Participle

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come
Present
Past
Past
Participle
come
came
come
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do
Present
Past
Past
Participle

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do
Present
Past
Past
Participle
do
did
done
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draw
Present
Past
Past
Participle

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draw
Present
Past
Past
Participle
draw
drew
drawn
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drink
Present
Past
Past
Participle

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drink
Present
drink
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Past
Past
Participle
drank drunk
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dream
Present
Past
Past
Participle

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dream
Present
Past
Past Participle
dream
dreamt/d
reamed
dreamt/
dreamed
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drive
Present
Past
Past
Participle

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drive
Present
Past
Past Participle
drive
drove
driven
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eat
Present
Past
Past
Participle

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eat
Present
Past
Past Participle
eat
ate
eaten
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fall
Present
Past
Past
Participle

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fall
Present
Past
Past Participle
fall
fell
fallen
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forgive
Present
Past
Past
Participle

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forgive
Present
Past
Past Participle
forgive
forgave
forgiven
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get
Present
Past
Past
Participle

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get
Present
Past
Past Participle
get
got
gotten
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go
Present
Past
Past
Participle

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go
Present
Past
Past Participle
go
went
gone
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grow
Present
Past
Past
Participle

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grow
Present
Past
Past Participle
grow
grew
grown
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know
Present
Past
Past
Participle

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know
Present
Past
Past Participle
know
knew
known
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lay
Present
Past
Past
Participle

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lay
Present
Past
Past Participle
lay
laid
laid
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lie
Present
Past
Past
Participle

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lie
Present
Past
Past Participle
lie
lay
lain
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ride
Present
Past
Past
Participle

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ride
Present
Past
Past Participle
ride
rode
ridden
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run
Present
Past
Past
Participle

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run
Present
Past
Past Participle
run
ran
run
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see
Present
Past
Past
Participle

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see
Present
Past
Past Participle
see
saw
seen
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sing
Present
Past
Past
Participle

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sing
Present
Past
Past Participle
sing
sang
sung
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sit
Present
Past
Past
Participle

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sit
Present
Past
Past Participle
sit
sat
sat
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speak
Present
Past
Past
Participle

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speak
Present
Past
Past Participle
speak
spoke
spoken
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swim
Present
Past
Past Participle
swims
swam
swum

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swim
Present
Past
Past Participle
swim
swam
swum
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take
Present
Past
Past
Participle

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take
Present
Past
Past Participle
take
took
taken
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throw
Present
Past
Past
Participle

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throw
Present
Past
Past Participle
throw
threw
thrown
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write
Present
Past
Past
Participle

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write
Present
Past
Past Participle
write
wrote
written
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Lets Review....
1. Moshe _________ drive (V1) more carefully. He
_____________ drive (V1) so carelessly.
2. _________ you want (V1) anything to eat?
Yes, thanks. I ___________ like (V1) a sandwich.
3. Bob ______ acting in movies and making lots of money.
4. __________ you seen (V3 - irregular verb) my hat?
No, I ________ remember (V1) seeing it.
5. Dan ______ wasted (V3 - regular verb) all of his money.
6. Some Americans _______ surprised (V3 - regular verb)
when Bush ____ elected (V3 - regular verb) President.
7.
These photographs ________ taken (V3 - irregular verb)
at Niagara Falls.
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Lets Review....
1. Moshe _should__ drive (V1) more carefully. He
___shouldnt_ drive (V1) so carelessly.
2. ___Do____ you want (V1) anything to eat?
Yes, thanks. I __would____ like (V1) a sandwich.
3. Bob __is__ acting in movies and making lots of money.
4. ___Have___ you seen (V3 - irregular verb) my hat?
No, I __dont_ remember (V1) seeing it.
5. Dan _has__ wasted (V3 - regular verb) all of his money.
6. Some Americans _were__ surprised (V3 - regular verb)
when Clinton _was_ elected (V3 - regular verb)
President.
7.
These photographs __were__ taken (V3 - irregular verb)
at Niagara Falls.
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Lets Review Some More....

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Dont you ________ you _________ drunk enough beer?

People should __________ a dentist once a year.
I will ________ an umbrella, because it may __________.
Gabi has always ___________ to visit India.
Most of our friends had already _________ the party when we
arrived. Why did they _________ so soon?
6. Please forgive me for phoning you so early this morning.
__________ you sleeping?
7. I was ___________ TV, when suddenly I heard a shot.
8.
Poor Miri! Shes __________ her arm! Call a doctor!
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Lets Review Some More....

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Dont you _think__ you __have___ drunk enough beer?

People should ___see____ a dentist once a year.
I will __take__ an umbrella, because it may __rain____.
Gabi has always __wanted___ to visit India.
Most of our friends had already __left___ the party when we
arrived. Why did they __leave__ so soon?
6. Please forgive me for phoning you so early this morning.
__Were____ you sleeping?
7. I was __watching_ TV, when suddenly I heard a shot.
8.
Poor Miri! Shes __broken__ her arm! Call a doctor!
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A LOVE STORY
It was Friday again, the day for famous parties at Wellington High School. Students
_______________ (dance) in the garden and everyone ____________________(enjoy)
the pleasure of being away from boring lessons. When Sarah _____________ (come) to
the party, the music ________________(already / start). Tim suddenly
_______________(notice) Sarah and
____________(feel) shocked. He had
___________________(look for) her for 2 years. They _________ (meet) each other at
a holiday camp in1999, but mysteriously Sarah ______________(disappear) after a
while. He _____________ (think) about her since then.
At the party, Sarah _____________(talking) to one of her friends while most of the
students (drink) as much as they could. Tim __________________(decide) to talk to her
and ___________(wait) for her friend to leave. When he _______________(go) next to
her, she _____________(search for) something in her bag, so she _____________(not
see) him. As soon as he ____________(touch) her on the shoulder, she
____________(raise) her head and couldnt believe her eyes. She __________(never /
forget) him.
At the end of the party, no one ________(be) happier than Sarah and Tim as they
________(find) each other after 2 years.
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ADVERBS
VERBS VS ADVERBS
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Verbs
What is a verb?
A verb is an action word!
If you can do it
then its a verb!
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Verbs
Still finding it tricky?
Try this then
Think of the things that you

have done this week.
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Verbs
These are some of the things
that I have done.
slept
watched
swam
sat
shouted
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ran
walked
jumped
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ate
Adverbs
What is an adverb?
Think about it
It adds something to the
verb.
Shall we try?
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Adverbs
noisily
quickly
calmly
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soundly
silently
angrily
carefully
excitedly
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Verbs
I
I
I
I
Adverbs
slept
(how did I sleep?)
walked
(how did I walk?)
sat
(how did I sit?)
calmly
quietly
watched
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(how did I watch?)
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carefully
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Verbs
I
Adverbs
ran
(how did I run?)
I shouted
(how did I shout?)
I wrote
I
listened
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quickly
loudly
(how did I write?)
neatly
(how did I listen?)
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intently
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Verbs
Verbs are the words for things
that
I can do.
I have done.
Or I will do.
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Adverbs
Adverbs are words to
explain how I did it.
You try some
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Choose a word from the brackets to

finish each sentence:
1. The children played (noisy noisily).
2. Susan writes (neat neatly).
3. Mary speaks (soft softly).
4. The rain fell (gently gentle).
5. The lark sang (sweetly sweet).
6. The train ran (speedy speedily).
7. I heard the sound (faintly faint).
8. The man spoke (cross crossly).
9. Paul did his drawing (badly bad).
10. The doctor came (quick quickly).
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1. The river flowed (rapidly rapid).
2. Jim went to church very (regular regularly).

3. They were cheering (loud loudly).
4. Carol sings (beautifully beautiful).
5. The story was (near nearly) finished.
6. The rowing boat moved (steadily steady).
7. Father had to drive (slow slowly) through the crowd.
8. The racehorse ran very (swift swiftly).
9. The guard dog barked (fiercely fierce).
10. Alison arranged the flowers (good well).
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Joanne is happy. She smiles ___________.
The boy is loud. He shouts ____________ .

Her English is fluent. She speaks English __________.
Our mum was angry. She spoke to us ______________.
My neighbor is a careless driver. He drives _____________.
The painter is awful. He paints ______________.
Jim is a wonderful piano player. He plays the piano _________.
This girl is very quiet. She often sneaks out of the house ___________.
She is a good dancer. She dances really ______________.

This exercise is simple. You have to put one word in each space
___________.
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Write down the correct form of the word in

brackets (adjective or adverb).
Tom is (slow) . He works _________.
Sue is a (careful) girl. She climbed up the ladder __________.
The dog is (angry) . It barks ____________.
He acted (excellent) . He's an actor____________.
They learn English (easy) . They think English is an _______language.
Max is a (good) singer. He sings _______.

It's (awful) cold today. The cold wind is ___________.
Dogs rely on their noses as they can smell (extreme / good) . If that is true,
why does dog food smell so (terrible) ?
The little boy looked (sad) . I went over to comfort him and he looked at me .
I tasted the soup (careful) but it tasted (wonderful) .
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Tom is slow . He works slowly

Sue is a careful girl. She climbed up the ladder carefully.
The dog is angry . It barks angrily.
He acted excellently. He's an excellent actor.
They learn English easily. They think English is an easy language.
Max is a good singer. He sings Well.
It's awfully cold today. The cold wind is awful.

Dogs rely on their noses as they can smell extremely well. If that is true,
why does dog food smell so terrible ?
The little boy looked sad . I went over to comfort him and he looked at me
sadly.
I tasted the soup carefully but it tasted wonderful .
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It was Friday again, the day for famous parties at Wellington High School. Students
Were dancing (dance) in the garden and everyone was enjoying (enjoy) the pleasure of
being away from boring lessons. When Sarah Came (come) to the party, the music had
already started (already / start). Tim suddenly noticed (notice) Sarah and felt (feel)
shocked. He had been looking (look for) her for 2 years. They met (meet) each other at
a holiday camp in1999, but mysteriously Sarah disappeared (disappear) after a while.
He had been thinking (think) about her since then.
At the party, Sarah was talking (talking) to one of her friends while most of the
students were drinking (drink) as much as they could. Tim decided (decide) to talk to
her and waited (wait) for her friend to leave. When he went (go) next to her, she was
searching (search for) something in her bag, so she didnt see (not see) him. As soon as
he touched (touch) her on the shoulder, she raised (raise) her head and couldnt believe
her eyes. She had never forgot (never / forget) him.
At the end of the party, no one was (be) happier than Sarah and Tim as they found
(find) each other after 2 years.
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1. The Jones_________(go) to Italy next summer.

2. I__________(never / visit) our friends in London and
___ (spend) the night with them in my whole life
3. I________(try) it three times and_____(be) successful at it only once.
4.______you______(ever/ read) War and Peace?
5. How many times_______you______(be) to the movies
this week?
6. When_____you last_____(see) your parents?
7. What______you_______(do) when I_______(knock) on the door?
8. Mary___________(sew) while John_________(fix) the stereo.
9. She________(look) for her pen when she _________(find out) that she
_________(have) it in her purse all the time.
10. When she________(already/leave) home, she
________(realize) she _________(forget) her checkbook
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1. The Jones are going to Italy next summer.

2. I have never visited our friends in London and spent the
night with them in my whole life.
3. I have tried it three times and was successful at it only once.
4. Have you ever read War and Peace?
5. How many times have you been to the movies this week?
6. When did you last see your parents?
7. What were you doing when I knocked on the door?8. Mary was sewing
while John was fixing the stereo.

8. Mary was sewing while John was fixing the stereo
9. She was looking for her pen when she found out that
she'd had it in her purse all the time.
10. When she had already left home, she realized she had
forgotten her checkbook.
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They are riding a bike.

She looked at a picture.
We often take photos.
I have just had a cup of tea.
Alice will learn French next year.
Yesterday Emma didn't listen to music.

She is going to tidy up the room.
Brian always sends text messages.
Karen is making breakfast now.
Have you ever been to Africa?
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They are riding a bike.

She looked at a picture.
Present Continuous
Simple Past
We often take photos.
Simple Present
I have just had a cup of tea.
Present Perfect
Alice will learn French next year.
will-future
Yesterday Emma didn't listen to music.
Simple Past
She is going to tidy up the room.
going to-future
Brian always sends text messages.
Simple Present
Karen is making breakfast now.
Present Continuous
Have you ever been to Africa?
Present Perfect
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A) since or for?
1) __________ Sunday
2) __________I was three years old
B) Which answers are correct?

1) Which verb forms are used with the Present Perfect?
had
had had
has
has had
have had
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Tom is asking a question.

He helped his mum last Sunday.
Jessica lives with her mother.
He has written an e-mail.
There will be some rain in the North.
I didn't see Helen yesterday.
Are you going to watch the new film?
Donald doesn't drink milk.
The cat is sitting on the wall.
Mark and Gary have just arrived in Peking.
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Answer:
Tom is asking a question.
Present Progressive
He helped his mum last Sunday.
Simple Past
Jessica lives with her mother.
Simple Present
He has written an e-mail.
Present Perfect
There will be some rain in the North.
will-future
I didn't see Helen yesterday.
Simple Past
Are you going to watch the new film?
going to-future
Donald doesn't drink milk.
Simple Present
The cat is sitting on the wall.
Present Progressive
Mark and Gary have just arrived in Peking.
Present Perfect
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Fill in the missing words into the gaps.
Irregular Verbs - Test 1

Infinitive
Simple Past
Past Participle
sat
seen
lost
ate
given
made
thought
gotten
gone
forgotten
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Answer:
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Infinitive
Simple Past
Past Participle
sit
sat
sat
see
saw
seen
lose
lost
lost
eat
ate
eaten
give
gave
given
make
made
made
think
thought
thought
get
got
got or
gotten
go
went
gone
forget
forgot
forgotten
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Prepositions
A preposition is a word that shows the relation
between two or more things. Some prepositions are

to, at, by, on, in, into .... Prepositions are positional
words. Think about these phrases:
The knife is on the table.
under the table.
beside the table.

The knife went into the table.
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At
time of the day:
at six o'clock
at lunch(time)
at midnight
at sunset/sunrise
[Note that in questions we usually say: "What time shall we meet?" not: *"At what time ..."]
other expressions:
at night
at the weekend/weekends
at Christmas/Easter
at the moment
at the same time
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on
days:
on Friday(s)
day + time of day:
on Monday morning(s)
on Wednesday evening(s)
on Sunday afternoon(s)
dates:
on December 13, 1965

on Christmas Day
on New Year's Day
on Valentine's Day
on my birthday
on our wedding day
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in the
periodical time of day:
in the morning(s)
in the afternoon(s)
in the evening(s)
centuries/decades:
in the 15th century

in the Middle Ages
in the Stone Age
in the 1980s
reference of time:
in the past
in (the) future
[but: at present]
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when
additionally
if
earlier
later
because
Conjunctions
and
Connectives
therefore
with
Words that link parts of text
and
furthermore
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but
however
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Conjunctions are used to join sentences or clauses together.
Susie saw a dog.
The dog only had three legs.
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Susie saw a dog.
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Susie saw a dog,

Conjunction
only had three legs.
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which
when
with
butonly had three legs.
Susie saw a dog, because
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Susie saw a dog.

Susie saw a dog, which only had three legs.
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Sarah ran away from the dog.

The dog barked at Sarah.
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Sarah ran away,

Conjunction
the dog barked.
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Sarah ran away,
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but the dog barked.

because
when
with
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Sarah ran away when the dog barked.
Sarah ran away because the dog barked.
Sarah ran away until the dog barked.

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The interjection is the

last of the eight parts of
speech.
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Interjections are special words that

show strong feelings or emotions
including -
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First, let's start with a basic definition:

Interjections are exclamatory words that
express strong emotion.
Interjections have no other grammatical

connection with or relationship to the rest of
the sentence.
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What are Interjections
An interjection is a part of speech that usually has

no grammatical connection with the rest of the
sentence and simply expresses emotion on the part
of the speaker, although most interjections have
clear definitions.
Several English interjections contain sounds that

do not, or very rarely, exist in regular English
phonological inventory, like quiet, shame, here,
and Disgusting.
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Interjections:
Interjections may be followed by either commas or

exclamation points.
Examples:
Ouch!
That hurt!
Oh, what a wonderful movie!
Great!
What a terrific idea!
Aha! I've found your secret!
Alas, the poet was no more.
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Interjection Quiz
Identify the interjections in the following sentences.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Goodness! He listened to the man's story and reported it to the

police immediately!
Oh, I haven't seen my brother since he left for college!
Oops! I dropped the jelly.
No! Don't touch that!
Help! I'm about to fall!
The poor dear was, alas, destitute and hungry.
Wait! Don't leave me behind in this cave!
Ah, I've heard that trick before.
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UH-OH!!!
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the boy was playing football.
The boy was playing football.
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2.We use capital letters for names of

people.
The girls were called katie and jessica.
The girls were called Katie and Jessica.
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3.We use capital letters for names of

places.
My house is on main street in ballymoney.
My house is on Main Street in Ballymoney.
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5.We use capital letters when writing

the word I.
Laura and i went to the beach yesterday.
Laura and I went to the beach yesterday.
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5.We use capital letters for the names of

the days of the week and months of the
year.
Next friday is the first day of december.
Next Friday is the first day of December.
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Test and Improve Your Spelling

The following lists of words misspelled in student papers were compiled a few years
ago by New York State. Of the more than 31,000 misspelled words gathered by
English teachers throughout the country, 407 were misspelled more frequently than
others. These words are arranged in the table below from left to right down in
descending order of difficulty. Study the list and test yourself by having someone read
the words aloud to you so that you can try to spell them without looking at them.
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Words Misspelled 100 Times or More

belief
believe
beneficial
benefit
benefited
choice
choose
chose
define
definite
definitely
definition
description
environment
exist
existence
existent
it's
its
lose
losing
occur
occurred
occurrence
occurring
privilege
perform
performance
receive
receiving
personal
personnel
referring
precede
necessary
unnecessary
principle
principal
occasion
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professor
profession
separate
separation
succeed
succession
than
then
their
they're
there
too
two
to
similar
success
write
writer
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Words Misspelled 50 To 99 Times
accommo
date
acquire
all right*
analyze
argument
achieve
affect
among
apparent
began
achievem
ent
affective
analysis
arguing
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Here you'll find a lot of useful information

about words, phrases and texts.
If you look for facts about Englishspeaking countries, this is where you'll
find them.
You want to write a letter in English? Just
have a look at the sample letters we
offer.
There are 186 Vocabulary pages available
at the moment, with short and easy lists
of words and explanations.
For practice just pick one of the topics on
the left.
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English Grammar Guide for Beginners

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ENGLISH

Grammar Unit One:

What ideas might this person have?

Proper and common nouns

New York Times

Concrete & Abstract Nouns

Count and non-count nouns

Nouns (singular and plural)

Rule No. 1 (Add s to the end of noun)

Rule No.2 consonants before y

Singular and plural (cont.)

Rule No. 4 (f and fe endings)

They have one girl and two ______.

Pronunciation of plurals (s / es)

Final s is pronounced /z/ after voiced sounds

(taxicabs, beds, dogs, balls, years, days, boys, trees, etc.)

Final s is pronounced /s/ after voiceless sounds

(books, cups, groups, cats, students, desks, etc.)

Group C Final s, es is pronounced /ez/

(sizes, roses, noises)

after sh sounds (dishes, bushes)

Irregular plural forms (exceptions)

Classify these Nouns:

2. Skylar rides the bus to Spring Cove Middle School.

3. Ramadan is celebrated by Muslims around the world.

5. Students have a barrel of fun in Miss McElhattens class.

6. Write a sentence using a common concrete and a proper

Testing Your Knowledge

a person, place, thing, or idea

What is a concrete noun?

a noun that can be seen, touched, heard, tasted, or smelled

What is a abstract noun?

a noun that cannot be seen, touched, heard, tasted, or felt.

What is a proper noun?

A noun that names a specific person, place, thing, or idea

What is a common noun?

A noun that names a general person, place, thing, or idea.

What are pronouns?

took her place

Now you try. Which of the following

Missed it! Try

Got it! Now try

Choose the correct pronoun.

Missed it! Try

Got it! Now try

Choose the correct pronoun.

Missed it! Try

Got it! Now try

Choose the correct pronoun.

Missed it! Try

Got it! Now try

Which of the following contains a

Missed it! Try

Got it! Now try

Which of the following contains a

Missed it! Try

Miss McElhatten, a teacher, is from

Mr. Grozanick, a totally awesome

Guided practice: Answers

1. My new puppy, a golden retriever, is learning to swim.

4. Mr. Nevins, a math teacher, always displays a Christmas tree.

Testing Your Knowledge