BOSTON INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL

Egyptian Civilization
The Gift of the Nile
Step 5
2014

 LOGRO 1
Comprender los aspectos relevantes de la cultura
del antiguo Egipto y como su influencia llega hasta
la edad moderna.
INDICADOR DE LOGRO 1
Entiende los acontecimientos histricos relevantes
del antiguo Egipto y como estos estn
entrelazados con la cultura hebrea.
Biblical principle
Matthew 24:35
New King James Version (NKJV)
35 Heaven and earth will pass away, but My words
will by no means pass away.

ESSENTIAL VOCABULARY
Instruction: Look up the words and write the translation
and definition in English

1. Bounded

11.Law

2. Flooded

12.Pharaoh

3. Alluvial

13.Vizier

4. Highway

14.Scribe

5. Duality

15.Artisan

6. Craftsmen

16.Depict

7. Architecture

17.Papyrus

8. Carve

18.Hierarchy

9. Hieroglyphs

19.Livestock

10.Tax

20.Mud

The NILE RIVER , the longest river in the world (6,650 kilometers), flows north from
the heart of Africa to the Mediterranean Sea. Its flood plain was a magnet for life -human, plant and animal. Humans were drawn there because they could grow crops
and settle into permanent villages.

Bounded on the south,

east and west by an
impenetrable desert, and
on the north by the sea,
ANCIENT EGYPT was
protected from outside
influences, which allowed
it to evolve in its own
unique way.

For centuries, THE NILE RIVER FLOODED THE VALLEY, enriching the land with a
thick layer of alluvial soil. Flooding occurred from July to September as the result of
the tropical rains in the Ethiopian tableland. The river attained its highest level in
October, then began to recede to its lowest point sometime between April and June.

TRANSPORTATION: The Nile River was the highway that joined the country
together. Up until the nineteenth century, travel by land was virtually unknown.

DUALITIES, such as
desert and river valley,
Upper and Lower Egypt,
life and death, were an
important organizing
principle of the
Egyptians world view.

ARCHITECTURE: The
ancient Egyptians built their
pyramids, tombs, temples
and palaces out of STONE,
the most durable of all
building materials.
These building projects
took a high degree of
architectural and
engineering SKILL, and the
organization of a LARGE
WORKFORCE consisting
of highly trained craftsmen
and laborers.

Apart from the pyramids, EGYPTIAN BUILDINGS were decorated with PAINTINGS,
CARVED STONE IMAGES, HIEROGLYPHS, and THREE-DIMENSIONAL
STATUES. The art tells the story of the pharaohs, the gods, the common people and
the natural world of plants, birds and animals.

One of the oldest mysteries surrounding ancient Egypt concerns the building of the
PYRAMIDS. How did humans move such massive blocks of stone using only Stone
Age tools? The Egyptians left thousands of illustrations depicting daily life in the Old
Kingdom. Curiously enough, none of them show how pyramids were built.
SEVERAL THEORIES attempt to explain how pyramids were constructed, but for
now, the mystery has yet to be solved.

GOVERNMENT and RELIGION were inseparable in ancient Egypt. The

PHARAOH was the head of State and the divine representative of the
gods on earth.
Religion and government brought order to society through:
The construction of TEMPLES
The creation of LAWS
TAXATION
The ORGANIZATION OF LABOR
TRADE with neighbors
The DEFENCE of the countrys interests.

Ancient Egypt achieved stability through the cooperation of all levels of the population.

The PHAROAH was at the top of the social

hierarchy.

Next to him, the most powerful officers

were the VIZIERS, the executive heads of
the bureaucracy.

Under them were the HIGH PRIESTS,

followed by ROYAL OVERSEERS
(administrators) who ensured that the
42 DISTRICT GOVERNORS carried out
the pharaoh's orders.

At the bottom of the hierarchy

were the SCRIBES, ARTISANS,
FARMERS, and LABORERS.

To reinforce their image as powerful divine rulers, the PHARAOHS

represented themselves in writings and sculptured reliefs on temple walls.
They often DEPICTED THEMSELVES AS WARRIORS who singlehandedly killed scores of enemies and slaughtered a whole pride of lions.

Not all the pharaohs

were men. Before
the Graeco-Roman
period, at least
three WOMEN
ascended the
throne, the most
important being
Queen
HATSHEPSUT.

The EGYPTIAN LANGUAGE was one of the earliest languages to be written

down, perhaps only the Sumerian language is older.
First appearing on stone and pottery dating from 3100 B.C. to 3000 B.C., it
remained in use for almost 3,000 years.

The last inscription was written in A.D. 394.

The word HIEROGLYPH literally

means "sacred carvings". The
Egyptians first used hieroglyphs for
inscriptions carved or painted on
temple walls.
This form of PICTORIAL WRITING
was also used on:

Tombs
Sheets of papyrus
Wooden boards covered with a
stucco wash
Potsherds
Fragments of limestone.

To make the paper-like writing material, the exterior of

the PAPYRUS stem was discarded and the interior was
cut into thin strips.
The strips were soaked in water and beaten to break
down and flatten the fibers.

They were then layered crosswise and lengthwise to

produce a sheet, which was beaten again to mesh the
strips together.
Papyrus Plant

Weights were placed on the sheets while they dried.

Once dry, the sheets were rolled up and stored until

needed.
Animation of paper-making process

Papyrus Sheet

Entering a Temple

The flooding of the Nile rendered the narrow strip of land on either side of the river
extremely fertile. INTENSIVE AGRICULTURE was practiced by the majority of the
peasant population. who played a vital role within the country's STRICT
HIERARHICAL SOCIETY. As the flood waters receded, SOWING and PLOWING
began, using primitive wooden plows.
In addition to such GRAINS as barley and emmer (a coarse wheat), a large variety
of VEGETABLES were grown, including onions, garlic, leeks, beans, lentils, peas,
radishes, cabbage, cucumbers, and lettuce. There were also FRUITS such as
dates, figs, pomegranates, melons and grapes,
The abundance of flowers provided nectar for the bees to produce HONEY, which
the Egyptians processed. FLAX was grown for making linen, and PAPYRUS was
harvested to be converted into paper, ropes, mats, sandals and light skiffs.

LIVESTOCK was important to the Egyptian economy, supplying meat, milk,

hides, and dung for cooking fuel.
A variety of DOMESTICATED ANIMALS were raised, including cattle, oxen,
sheep, goats, pigs, ducks and geese. Peasants probably enjoyed meat on
special occasions..
DRAFT ANIMALS such as oxen increased agricultural productivity.
HERDSMEN and SHEPHERDS lived a semi-nomadic life, pasturing their animals
in the marshes of the Nile.

Grapes were processed into WINE for the noble class, but beer was the
favorite drink of the common people.
Food was served in POTTERY BOWLS, but NO UTENSILS were used for
eating.

Most HOUSES were made of BRICK. The banks of the Nile provided the mud
used to make bricks.
Brick makers collected MUD, added STRAW and WATER to it as needed, and
stomped it with their feet until it reached the right consistency. The mixture was
then placed in a MOLD. Once shaped, the bricks were removed from the mould
and left on the ground to dry in the sun.
Egyptian PEASANTS would have lived in SIMPLE MUD-BRICK HOMES
containing only a few pieces of furniture: BEDS, STOOLS, BOXES and LOW
TABLES.

CRAFTWORKERS lived in one- or two-storey FLAT-ROOFED

DWELLINGS made of mud bricks. The walls and roof would have been
covered with plaster and painted.
Inside, there was a RECEPTION ROOM, a LIVING ROOM, BEDROOMS
and a CELLAR in which food and beverages were stored. Food was
prepared in an OUTDOOR KITCHEN equipped with a mud-brick oven.
Stairs on the exterior of the house led to a ROOF-TOP TERRACE.

The HOMES OF THE WEALTHY were larger and more luxurious.

SPACIOUS reception and living rooms opened onto a CENTRAL GARDEN
COURTYARD with a fish pond and flowering plants.
Each bedroom had a PRIVATE BATHROOM, and the walls, columns and
ceilings were painted with BEAUTIFUL DESIGNS inspired by nature.
Elaborate and highly DECORATED FURNITURE included beds, chairs,
boxes and tables.
PAINTED CLAY POTS and vessels, as well as ALABASTER BOWLS AND
JARS, were also found in the homes of the nobles.

A villa from the city of Amarna

ROYAL PALACES, frequently CITIES IN THEMSELVES, included separate

residences, a temple and a workers village.

WOMEN engaged in WEAVING, PERFUME MAKING, BAKING and

NEEDLEWORK. Very few artistic creations were signed, and exceptional
ability was rewarded through increased social status.
Women of all classes COULD EARN WAGES, OWN PROPERTY and
EMPLOY WORKERS, but their main role was within the family. The title
most women had was "MISTRESS OF THE HOUSE". They were
considered EQUAL WITH MEN BEFORE THE LAW, and could sue for
damages and divorce.

MATHEMATICS: Although the Egyptians lacked the symbol for zero, they
calculated numbers based on the DECIMAL and the repetitive (numbers
based on the POWER OF 10). The following signs were used to represent
numbers in the decimal system

10 100 1000 10,000 100,000 1,000,000

Numbers were usually written LEFT TO RIGHT, starting with the highest
denominator. For example, in the number 2,525 the first number to appear
on the left would be 2000, then 500, 20 and 5, as follows:

The Egyptians did not develop abstract mathematical formulas. They used
the simple arithmetic of ADDITION AND SUBTRACTION

ASTRONOMY: Like many ancient peoples, the Egyptians studied the night
sky, taking measurements from the stars to accurately align their pyramids and
sun temples with the earths four cardinal points. Using an instrument called a
MERKHET (similar to an astrolabe), astronomer-priests marked out the
foundations of buildings with astonishing accuracy.
The GREAT PYRAMID AT GIZA provides an example. This remarkable
building has a footprint of over 13 acres and consists of approximately 6.5
million limestone blocks. Its four sides are accurately aligned to face north,
east, south, and west, with an error of less than half a degree. They are also
virtually identical in length, with less than a 20 cm (8 inch) variance between
one side and another.

MEDICINE: The doctors of ancient Egypt combined MAGIC SPELLS with

REMEDIES. If a person fell sick, the illness was thought to be caused by the
wrath of the gods or by an evil spirit that had entered the body.

Both PRIESTS AND DOCTORS were called upon to heal the sick,
combining their powers and skills to fix the problem.
Doctors found cures for many diseases and some of their concepts are still
used today. They used CASTOR OIL as laxatives, TANNIC ACID from the
acadia tree to heal burns, CORIANDER in a tea for stomach illnesses, and
CUMMIN SEEDS on aching or arthritic joints and to calm a cough.
They also made and used TOOLS FOR SURGICAL USE that are similar to
the ones that we use today.

Sources

Egyptian Civilization
http://www.civilization.ca/civil/egypt/egcivile.html
Ancient Egyptian Virtual Temple
http://showcase.netins.net/web/ankh/