OLEH :

Dr.YUNI KILAWATI S.PI.,M.SI

DESCRIPTION
Integumentary system or skin is body skin
and derivates.

All of the fish body covered by skin except
eyes (tranparently skin)


INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
FINS

Fins are supported by rays which are
connected to the musculoskeletal system.
There are two types of rays:
Soft: flexible rays made of dermal bone
segments arranged end to end in a line
Spines: stiff, unjointed, mineralized rays.
These are found on dorsal, anal, and pelvic
fins of higher fish

Unpaired Fins:

Dorsal: 1 or more. In higher fish the anterior
portion (or first fin) is supported by spines.
The dorsal fin(s) are used for rapid changes of
direction
Caudal: Primary fin used for locomation;
shape varies with motion type used by species
Anal

Paired Fins:

Pectorals: soft rayed only. They are attached
to the pectoral girdle at the posterior border
of the gill cavity. They are used to stabilize
and change direction
Pelvic: variable location thoracic or
abdominal. Higher fish have thoracic pelvic
fins. They are used to stabilize and brake

Skin
Epidermis:
Simple stratified squamous, but
nonkeratinized surface layer
Mucous glands: unicellular, produce mucin for
cuticle
Alarm (club) cells: produce pheromones
which cause other fish to flee; no connection
to skin surface, so pheromones only released
when tissues damaged

Cuticle: a protective substance which coats
the skin. It consists of mucin,
immunoglobulins, etc, and is anti-pathogenic.
Handling of fish should be gentle and
minimalwear wet latex-like gloves.

Dermis
CT, vessles, nerves
Scales: protective calcified plates which originate
in the dermis; usually covered with epidermis
Placoid scales: a plate beneath the skin with a
raised, exposed portion; includes a pulp cavity
and dentin (sharks)
Ganoid scales: rhomboid shape, overlapping
(gar)
Cycloid scales: ovoid, smooth edges (lower
teleosts)
Ctenoid scales: comblike with minute spikes on
caudal edge (higher teleosts)
Absent in some species (agnatha, catfish)

Lateral line: A sensory mechanism which
consists of a series of pores running along
both sides of the body. The pores lead to
mechanoreceptors which transmit information
about water pressures, currents, and sound.

Hypodermis:
Spongy CT and adipose tisssue; contains
melanocytes
Skin factors to consider during surgery:
Incision should be cranial-caudal, as
tension lines run dorsal-ventral
Nonabsorbable suture recommended
because wet absorbable can pull in bacteria
Close with minimal tension and make knots
far from incision, because fish tissue breaks
easily




Specialized skin cells allow amazing variety in fish
coloration.
Chromatophores contain pigments (ex.
Melanophores contain melanin) and iridophores
contain reflective substances (ex crystals).
Rapid color change is produced by movemant of
pigment within the dendritic chromatophores,
while long term changes are produced by changes
in the number of cells.
Control is hormonal (ex melanocyte stimulating
hormone) and neural.
Coloration is used for mimicry, species distinction,
and sexual dimorphism.


COLOR
FUNCTION
First body devenses from pathogen
Harm environment protections
Excretion and osmoregulations
Inhalation supporting
Poisonous gland productions
Colour sources
Light sources
Odour and mucus secretions
STRUCTURE
Skin is composed of three layers:
1. Epidermis
2. Dermis
3. Stratum spongiosum

















INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM: Integument of the head,
transverse section
(Formalin, H&E, Bar = 34.3 m).

1. epidermis
2. dermis (stratum compactum)
3. hypodermis
(areolar connective
tissue)
4. epithelial cells
5. alarm cells
6. wandering leukocytes
7. chromatophores
(melanocytes)
8. arteriole and venule.


EPIDERMIS
Ceratin producing
Wet causing mucus (produced by all part of body)
Part of inside always active for cleavage to cell
repairing or growth
This layer called GERMINATIVUM
EPIDERMIS

INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM: Caudal peduncle,
longitudinal section
(Formalin,H&E, Bar = 31.7 m).

1. epidemis
2. scale pocket
3. dermis (stratum compactum)
4. muscle
5. scales
6. squamous epithelial cells
7. undifferentiated basal cells
8. alarm cell
9. mucous cells
10. taste bud.

INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM: Scale
(Unstained, Bar = 175 m).

1. Radii
2. Circuli
3. Focus
4. lateral line pore
(not always present).
CELL PIGMENT

DERMIS

Contain of collagen fiber , the thick cell
For the fish with scale useful to scale
producing (integument derivate)
DERMIS


ORGANS ON SKIN
1. MUCUS
2. SCALE
3. COLOUR
4. LIGHT ORGAN
5. POISONOUS GLAND

MUCUS
Composed primarily of glycoprotein (called
mucin)become mucus if elaborate with
water
Thick mucus found in fish without scales
Function :
- scratch decrease during swimming
- water flow protection
- body devense from bacterial
- lesion covering
- wet protection
- nest maker
skin - mucous cells

Examples:
African fish summer sleep inside the
nest that make from mud and mucus.
Tricogaster trichopterus (sepat Jawa)& T.
pectoralis (sepat siam) make the nest
from mucus to save their egg.

Scales
Called dermis scale
Very hard on primitive fish Pada ikan primitif
constitute outer scale.
Modern fish has the thin scale and flexible
Scale types:
1. COSMOID

2. GANOID

3. PLACOID

4. CYCLOID

5. CTENOID

Cosmoid scales of the Queensland Lungfish. Photo:
C. Bento Australian Museum.
COSMOID :
- Be a fossil
- Part of :
*virodentin (outer)
*cosmine (inner)
*isopedine (inner)
Comprise bone and
& little vessel.
Ganoid scales of the Florida Gar, Lepisosteus
platyrhincus. Photo: C. Bento Australian Museum.
GANOID
- Found in Actinopterigii
- The outer layer contain of
Organic Citrate ganoine

Placoid scales of the Broadnose Sevengill
Shark. Photo: S. Lindsay Australian Museum

PLACOID
- Found in chondrichtyes
- Shape like a spine
(same as teeth
composer)
- enamel as a outer layer
that cover dentin layer,
have canaliculi inside
dentin ( have blood
vessel and peak nerve
dermis)

Cycloid scales of Jungle Perch, Kuhlia rupestris.
Photo: C. Bento Australian Museum.
CYCLOID found in
osteichtyes
- cycloid scale in
malacopterygii


Ctenoid scales of the Paradise Fish, Macropodus
opercularis. Photo: S. Lindsay Australian
Museum

CTENOID
- Found in Acantopterygii
- Shape : very thin ,
transparently, without dentin
and enamel

Scale attitude
Primarily on all of body : operculum until pre
caudalis
Polyodon only below operculum
Mas Kaca only in LL
Tongkol Pre Dorsal and hind head
Half part of scale in dermis sac like roof tile
The outside look more dark because of the
pigment.
circulus
Garis lingkaran pada sisik cycloid & ctenoid
Selalu ber + sepanjang musim, pd musim
dingin pertumbuhan lambat.
Berdempetan/ bertumpuk dsbt annulus (jmk:
annuli) utk menghitung umur ikan
Sisik LL & sisik palsu tdk dpt utk menentukan
umuryg dpt menentukan adalah yg
tertanam dlm tubuh & grs annulinya jelas
Dried scale of a Barramundi showing the growth
rings, or annuli

Scale counting
A. LINEA LATERALIS (LL)

Sisik yg dihitung adalah sisik berpori/ gurat sisi/
linea lateralis (LL).
Jumlah tdk sama utk masing-masing spesies.
Dihitung dari dpn /dekat kepala kearah ekor.
Jika LL tdk lurus (ex. Ikan kuweh) maka dihitung
mengikuti arah LL.
Jika ada 2 (ex. Ikan buntal) maka yg dekat
kepala dihitung lbh dahulu (LL1 & LL2).
Jika banyak (ex. Ikan belanak) yg dihitung satu
saja yg plg tengah.




B. LINEA TRANSVERSALIS (LTr)


LTr adalah sisik transversal/ sisik yg terletak
antara dorsal dg ventral.
Dihitung pangkal terdepan sirip dorsal sampai
LL yg kedua dihitung dari pangkal terdepan
sirip anal kearah LL
Scale Rudimenter
Sisik ketiak dada (pectoral axilliary scale) tdp
di sekitar dasar sirip pectoral
Sisik ketiak perut (pelvic axilliary scale) tdp di
sekitar dasar sirip ventral
Sisik berduri atau sisik lipat ada dua macam
yaitu tdp di depan sirip perut atau pre pelvic
scute dan dibelakang sirip perut (post pelvic
scutes)
Colours
Disebabkan oleh schemachrome butiran2
pigmen

Warna ikan laut dpt dibagi :
a. Hdp di permukaan: perak
b. Hdp di tengah : kemerahan
c. Hdp di dlm/ dasar violet s/d hitam
Biochrome pigmen pembawa warna :
- carotenoid : kuning merah
- chromolipoid : kuning s/d coklat
- indigoid : biru, merah, hijau
- melanin : merah & coklat
- perphyrin (pigmen empedu): merah,
kuning, hijau, biru
- flavins : kuning dg fluoresensi
hijau
- purine : putih keperakan
- pterine : putih, kuning, merah dan
orange

2 macam sel yang memberi warna
ikan Iridocyte (leucophore &
guanophore) sel kaca karena dpt
merefleksikan warna di luar tubuh
tersusun dr guanin

Untuk mengelabui musuh tawes,
kembung, gabus, bandeng, tembang &
kembung bag. Dorsal gelap & anal
putih
Ikan dpt berubah warna krn, menjadi
jelas atau pucat :
- secara cepat stimuli chy & stimuli
mata
- lambat hormon

Mimicri warna menyerupai
lungkungannya.

chromatophore
Tdp dlm dermis tdr dr butir pigmen yg dapat
menyebar dan berkumpul jika berkumpul
memberi warna pucat jika menyebar
membuat warna jadi jelas
Chromatophore dasar ada 4 :
a. Erythrophore : merah & orange
b. Xantophore : kuning
c. Melanophore : hitam
d. Guanophore : putih / keperakan
(irydococyte)

Light organs
Cahaya yg dikeluarkan organ hidup
bioluminescense (kunang-kunang/insekta,
nocticula/ plankton, cacing lamprydae, cumi-
cumi, ikan)
Light sources:
1. bacteri yg bersimbiose dg ikan (di
kantong klj epidermis) ikan leweri
batu(photoblepharon), leweri air
(Anomalops)
2. dikeluarkan oleh ikan (photophore/
photocyte)



Head of a scaleless black dragonfish, Melanostomias
species C, about 5cm in length. Note chin barbel (to lure
prey), yellowish light organ below eye, and
bioluminescent tooth bases.

Malacocephalus kekuatan chy s/d 10 m, glb
chy 410 600

Light Function:
1. Cahaya jg berfungsi pd proses
reproduksi ikan jantan membimbing
betina ke tempat berpijah
2. Untuk menarik mangsa ikan
pemancing
Poisonous Gland
Mucus modification
Fungsi :
a. mempertahankan diri
b. menyerang musuh
c. mencari makan
Ikan beracun biasanya hidup di dasar air &
gerakannya lamban, contoh : Dasyatidae,
Myliobatidae & chimaera
Racun segar dpt mematikan :
- tikus setelah 11 menit
- kodok stlh 41 menit
- anjing sembuh kembali stlh 8 hari


The poisonous Fish
Lepu tembaga (Synanoeja sp)
hdp di karang/ pasir yg dangkal
racun tdp di lapisan kulit penutup jari- jari
keras D & V
duri terinjak >kelenjar tertekan>cairan
racun akan meresap dlm luka > korban
akan demam 3 x 24 jam
Baronang (Siganus spp)
kelj racun pd sirip keras D & V
Ikan Pari pd duri ekor
Lele lokal (Indonesia)pd D & P jari-jari
keras
Ikan buntal di empedu

Danke Sehr