On Job Training, July 2006 PT Indonesia Comnets Plus Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy 2 Mbps 8 Mbps 34 Mbps 140 Mbps 2 Mbps 8 Mbps 34 Mbps On Job Training, July 2006 PT Indonesia Comnets Plus On Job Training, July 2006 PT Indonesia Comnets Plus Multiplexing hierarchy The PDH high capacity transmission networks are based on a hierarchy of digital multiplexed signals: E.1 to E.4. The basic building block is the primary rate of 2.048 Mb/s (E.1). This could be made up of 30 x 64 Kb/s voice channels. This would then be multiplexed up to a higher rate for high capacity transmisson. On Job Training, July 2006 PT Indonesia Comnets Plus On Job Training, July 2006 PT Indonesia Comnets Plus Four signals at the primary rate can be multiplexed up to the secondary rate, E.2, of 8.448 Mb/s and so on up to a rate of 139 Mb/s (E.4). Thus the 139 Mb/s rate represents 64 x 2.048 Mb/s signals and 1920 multiplexed voice channels. On Job Training, July 2006 PT Indonesia Comnets Plus On Job Training, July 2006 PT Indonesia Comnets Plus Developing networks The plesynchronous multiplexing technology, often called PDH (Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy), left no room in the signal structures for network management and maintenance functions. We are therefore left with no spare signal capacity to provide improvements in the signal transmission. On Job Training, July 2006 PT Indonesia Comnets Plus On Job Training, July 2006 PT Indonesia Comnets Plus As networks developed inter-connection became increasingly complex. It required banks of multiplexers and large, unreliable distribution frames. It became clear that the original standards, designed for point-to-point links, were just not suitable. As networks developed inter-connection became increasingly complex. It required banks of multiplexers and large, unreliable distribution frames. It became clear that the original standards, designed for point-to-point links, were just not suitable. On Job Training, July 2006 PT Indonesia Comnets Plus On Job Training, July 2006 PT Indonesia Comnets Plus On Job Training, July 2006 PT Indonesia Comnets Plus On Job Training, July 2006 PT Indonesia Comnets Plus Tributary access We want to have easy access to an individual tributary, in order that it may be re-routed. We cannot do this without having to demultiplex the whole signal down to the required tributary level. Costs go up as we demultiplex, and they then double because we have to re- multiplex the signal back up again. On Job Training, July 2006 PT Indonesia Comnets Plus On Job Training, July 2006 PT Indonesia Comnets Plus No commont standard Before SDH there were no standards to ensure that equipment from different vendors interworked on the same system. Vendors can have their own unique designs which means we have to buy the same vendors equipment for both ends of the line. Ideally we would like to shop around for the most suitable equipment, without having to keep to the same supplier. On Job Training, July 2006 PT Indonesia Comnets Plus On Job Training, July 2006 PT Indonesia Comnets Plus What we need Network operating companies have to provide faster, cost effective provisioning of customer circuits and services, as well as control of transmission bandwidth.
On Job Training, July 2006 PT Indonesia Comnets Plus On Job Training, July 2006 PT Indonesia Comnets Plus SDH Definition SDH is a standard for high speed high capacity optical telecommunication networks ; more spesifically a synchronous digital hierarchy. It is a synchronous digital transport system aimed at providing a more simple, economic and flexible telecommunications network infrastructure. On Job Training, July 2006 PT Indonesia Comnets Plus On Job Training, July 2006 PT Indonesia Comnets Plus Advantages of SDH Designed for cost effective, flexible telecoms networking based on direct synchronous multiplexing.
Provides built-in signal capacity for advanced network management and maintenance capabilities. On Job Training, July 2006 PT Indonesia Comnets Plus On Job Training, July 2006 PT Indonesia Comnets Plus Provides flexible signal transportation capabilities designed for existing and future signals. Allows a single telecommunication network infrastructure interconnects network equipment from different vendors Provides flexible signal transportation capabilities designed for existing and future signals. Allows a single telecommunication network infrastructure interconnects network equipment from different vendors On Job Training, July 2006 PT Indonesia Comnets Plus On Job Training, July 2006 PT Indonesia Comnets Plus Where is SDH used ? SDH can be used in all of the traditional network application areas. A single SDH network infrastructure is therefore possible which provides an efficient direct interconnection between the three major telecommunication networks. On Job Training, July 2006 PT Indonesia Comnets Plus On Job Training, July 2006 PT Indonesia Comnets Plus Notes on SDH rates The most common SDH line rates in use today are 155.52 Mbps, 622.08 Mbps, 2.5 Gbps, 10 Gbps. SDH is a structure that is designed for the future, ensuring that higher line rates can be added when required. On Job Training, July 2006 PT Indonesia Comnets Plus On Job Training, July 2006 PT Indonesia Comnets Plus SDH signal structure The SDH signal is transported as a synchronous structure which comprises a set of 8-bit bytes organised into a two dimensional frame. The Truck analogy is a popular way to help us understand the contents of the SDH frame. On Job Training, July 2006 PT Indonesia Comnets Plus On Job Training, July 2006 PT Indonesia Comnets Plus SDH FRAME STRUCTURE TRUCK ANALOGY On Job Training, July 2006 PT Indonesia Comnets Plus On Job Training, July 2006 PT Indonesia Comnets Plus SDH FRAME STRUCTURE TRUCK ANALOGY contd. Virtual Container Section Overhead Payload Payload OverHead Multiplexer Section OverHead Regenerator Section OverHead On Job Training, July 2006 PT Indonesia Comnets Plus On Job Training, July 2006 PT Indonesia Comnets Plus The Payload The contents of the container carried by the truck represent the real value. This Payload is analogous to customer traffic, being carried by the container within an SDH frame. This Payload container supports the transportation of spesific tributary signals. On Job Training, July 2006 PT Indonesia Comnets Plus On Job Training, July 2006 PT Indonesia Comnets Plus The Section Overhead What actually gets the contentsof the truck to its destination is the tractor unit. This analogous to the network maintenance and management capability carried by the SDH frame, known as its Section OverHead, or SOH. On Job Training, July 2006 PT Indonesia Comnets Plus On Job Training, July 2006 PT Indonesia Comnets Plus The Section Overhead (SOH) provides facilities that are required to support and maintain the transportation of customer traffic Safely across the network. THE SOH is split into Multiplexer Section Overhead (MSOH) and Regenerator Section Overhead (RSOH). On Job Training, July 2006 PT Indonesia Comnets Plus On Job Training, July 2006 PT Indonesia Comnets Plus The Virtual Container Even if the container is loaded on to a different truck, there is a portion of overhead that always remains with it. This is known as the Path OverHead, or POH. The Path Overhead is directly associated with the payload capacity area, and together they form whats known as the Virtual Container. On Job Training, July 2006 PT Indonesia Comnets Plus On Job Training, July 2006 PT Indonesia Comnets Plus SDH FRAME STRUCTURE STM-N FRAME STRUCTURE 270 x N Columns 261 x N Columns 9 x N Columns 9
R o w s
= 8 bits/byte On Job Training, July 2006 PT Indonesia Comnets Plus On Job Training, July 2006 PT Indonesia Comnets Plus SDH FRAME STRUCTURE signal frame transmission The principle for SDH signal frame transmission is: the bytes (8-bit) within the frame structure is transmitted byte-by-byte (bit-by-bit) from left to right and from top to bottom. After one row is transmitted, the next row will follow. After one frame is completed, the next frame will start On Job Training, July 2006 PT Indonesia Comnets Plus On Job Training, July 2006 PT Indonesia Comnets Plus SDH FRAME STRUCTURE SDH Rate ITU-T defines the frequency to be 8000 frames per second for all levels in STM hierarchy STM-1 Rate : 9 rows x 270 columns x 8 bits/byte x 8000 frames per second = 155.52 Mb/s STM-4 Rate : 9 rows x (270 x 4) columns x 8 bits/byte x 8000 frames per second = 622 Mb/s On Job Training, July 2006 PT Indonesia Comnets Plus On Job Training, July 2006 PT Indonesia Comnets Plus OVERHEAD ANALYSIS SDH TERMINAL MULTIPLEXER SDH TERMINAL MULTIPLEXER SDH SDH DIGITAL X-CONNECT Multiplexer Section Regenerator Section Path MSOH MSOH RSOH RSOH RSOH POH On Job Training, July 2006 PT Indonesia Comnets Plus On Job Training, July 2006 PT Indonesia Comnets Plus OVERHEAD ANALYSIS PATH OVERHEAD Path Trace message Parity check VC structure Alarm & performance info User channel Multiframe indication for TUs Path protection switching On Job Training, July 2006 PT Indonesia Comnets Plus On Job Training, July 2006 PT Indonesia Comnets Plus OVERHEAD ANALYSIS PATH OVERHEAD contd. J1 B3 C2 G1 F2 H4 F3 K3 N1 VC4 1 1 261 9 11 11 J1 : Path Trace byte B3: Path BIP 8 Code C2: Signal label byte G1: Path status byte F2, F3: Path user channels bytes H4: TU position indicator byte K3: Spare byte N1: Network operator byte On Job Training, July 2006 PT Indonesia Comnets Plus On Job Training, July 2006 PT Indonesia Comnets Plus SDH Multiplexing Structure STM-1 AU-4 TU-3 AUG-1 TUG-3 VC-3 C-3 VC-4 C-4 TU-12 VC-12 C-12 TUG-2 1 1 3 1 7 3 139264 kbit/s 34368 kbit/s 2048 kbit/s Pointer processing Multiplexing Mapping Aligning AUG-4 AUG-16 AUG-64 STM-4 STM-16 STM-64 1 1 1 4 4 4 Go to glossary On Job Training, July 2006 PT Indonesia Comnets Plus On Job Training, July 2006 PT Indonesia Comnets Plus SDH Tributary Multiplexing (34M) 34 Mbit/s to STM-N 34M Rate Adaptation Add POH 1 C3 1 84 9 125s 1 1 9 VC3 P O H 125s 1 85 Next page Packing Mapping On Job Training, July 2006 PT Indonesia Comnets Plus On Job Training, July 2006 PT Indonesia Comnets Plus SDH Tributary Multiplexing (34M) 1st align Fill gap 1 86 1 9 H1 H2 H3
R
3 86 TU-3 1 H1 H2 H3 1 9 P O H
R
R VC-4 9 1 1 261 Aligning Stuffing TUG-3 Multiplexing 3 Same as for C4 Multiplexing route: 1X34M 1XTU-3 3XTUG-3 1XAU-4---One STM-1 can load three 34Mbit/s signals On Job Training, July 2006 PT Indonesia Comnets Plus On Job Training, July 2006 PT Indonesia Comnets Plus SDH Tributary Multiplexing (2M) 2 Mbit/s to STM-N 2M Next page 125s POH 1 4 C12 1 9 VC12 1 4 1 9 TU12 1 4 1 9 TU-PTR Rate Adaptation Add POH Packing Add Pointer Mapping Aligning On Job Training, July 2006 PT Indonesia Comnets Plus On Job Training, July 2006 PT Indonesia Comnets Plus SDH Tributary Multiplexing (2M) 3 1 12 TUG-2 1 9 7 R R TUG-3 1 86 Multiplexing 1 9 Multiplexing Same as for C3 Multiplexing route: 1X2M 3XTU12 7XTUG-2 3XTUG-3 1XSTM-1--- One STM-1 can load 3X7X3 = 63X2M Signals Multiplexing structure: 3-7-3 structure On Job Training, July 2006 PT Indonesia Comnets Plus On Job Training, July 2006 PT Indonesia Comnets Plus SDH Network protection Bidirectional Traffic Traffic flow direction along the ring Clockwise or counter- clockwis T1516670-94 The traffic shares the same equipment and link B A a) Uniformly routed B b) Diversely routed The traffic is on different equipment and links A Unidirectional Traffic Traffic flow direction along the ring Clockwise and counter-clockwise T1516670-94 The traffic shares the same equipment and link B A a) Uniformly routed B b) Diversely routed The traffic is on different equipment and links A On Job Training, July 2006 PT Indonesia Comnets Plus On Job Training, July 2006 PT Indonesia Comnets Plus Difference between Path and Multiplex Section On Job Training, July 2006 PT Indonesia Comnets Plus On Job Training, July 2006 PT Indonesia Comnets Plus 1+1 Linear MS Protection Protection mechanism of 1+1linear MS protection system: Concurrent sending is permanent bridging Selective receiving is switching On Job Training, July 2006 PT Indonesia Comnets Plus On Job Training, July 2006 PT Indonesia Comnets Plus 1:N Linear MS Protection Structure of 1:N Linear MS Protection A B B r i d g i n g S e l e c t o r P r o t e c t i o n s e c t i o n ( T r a n s m i t ) W o r k i n g s e c t i o n 1 ( T r a n s m i t ) P r o t e c t i o n s e c t i o n ( R e c e i v e ) W o r k i n g s e c t i o n 1 ( R e c e i v e ) W o r k i n g s e c t i o n 2 ( T r a n s m i t ) W o r k i n g s e c t i o n 2 ( R e c e i v e ) W o r k i n g s e c t i o n N ( T r a n s m i t ) W o r k i n g s e c t i o n N ( R e c e i v e ) S e l e c t o r B r i d g i n g On Job Training, July 2006 PT Indonesia Comnets Plus On Job Training, July 2006 PT Indonesia Comnets Plus 1:1 Linear MS Protection Protection mechanism of 1:1 linear MS protection system: Traffic flow after protection switching s w i t c h s w i t c h T U t r a f f i c T U t r a f f i c W o r k i n g P r o t e c t i o n On Job Training, July 2006 PT Indonesia Comnets Plus On Job Training, July 2006 PT Indonesia Comnets Plus Two-fiber uni-directional path protection ring Protection switching mechanism: Switching criteria Transmission quality of each individual channel Usually TU-AIS, TU-LOP alarms A B C D switch S1 P1 On Job Training, July 2006 PT Indonesia Comnets Plus On Job Training, July 2006 PT Indonesia Comnets Plus Traffic flow when network is broken: Working channels=1-N/2 AU4 Protection channesl=N/2-N AU4 Two-fiber bidirectional Multiplex Section Shared Protection Ring A B C D Protection channels Worki ng channels On Job Training, July 2006 PT Indonesia Comnets Plus On Job Training, July 2006 PT Indonesia Comnets Plus APS controller: Transition of APS controller status: Two-fiber bidirectional Multiplex Section Shared Protection Ring
S Switching P Pass-through I Idle WTR Wait to Restore I I I I S S P P WT R WTR P P APS Controller Status On Job Training, July 2006 PT Indonesia Comnets Plus On Job Training, July 2006 PT Indonesia Comnets Plus Structure: Four fibers Working channels--S1,S2, carry normal traffic Protection channels--P1,P2, protect normal traffic Four-fiber bidirectional Multiplex Section Shared Protection Ring On Job Training, July 2006 PT Indonesia Comnets Plus On Job Training, July 2006 PT Indonesia Comnets Plus SubNetwork Connection Protection Description: Protection one SubNetwork Connection Can be adapted to all networks SNC Starting Node SNC Termination Node Protection SNC Working SNC Sub-network 1 Sub-network 2 NE A NE B Selector 123 123 On Job Training, July 2006 PT Indonesia Comnets Plus On Job Training, July 2006 PT Indonesia Comnets Plus Normal condition for unidirectional SNCP: Concurrent sending (transmit end) Selective receiving (receive end) Switch Bridge Traffic out Traffic in a) Normal condition Transmitted traffic bridged a) to working and protection paths a) Received traffic switch selects working channel Protection Failure b) Failure in working channel of incoming traffic a) Receiver switch selects protection path Working Switch Bridge Traffic out Traffic in Protection Working Protection Working Protection Working SubNetwork Connection Protection On Job Training, July 2006 PT Indonesia Comnets Plus On Job Training, July 2006 PT Indonesia Comnets Plus Failure in working channels for unidirectional SNCP: Concurrent sending (transmit end) Selective receiving (receive end) SubNetwork Connection Protection Switch Bridge Traffic out Traffic in a) Normal condition Transmitted traffic bridged a) to working and protection paths a) Received traffic switch selects working channel Protection Failure b) Failure in working channel of incoming traffic a) Receiver switch selects protection path Working Switch Bridge Traffic out Traffic in Protection Working Protection Working Protection Working On Job Training, July 2006 PT Indonesia Comnets Plus On Job Training, July 2006 PT Indonesia Comnets Plus Protection Restoration: Restoration time - 10 minutes (5-12 minutes) A B C D switch S1 P1 A B C D S1 P1 SubNetwork Connection Protection On Job Training, July 2006 PT Indonesia Comnets Plus On Job Training, July 2006 PT Indonesia Comnets Plus