The story of the universe

Leo Sutrisno
Environmental physics
Physics education Program
Class 8th , 2009
 1. The formation process of the
universe
the "big bang" model,
was developed
around three major
pieces of
experimental
evidence:
1. The expansion of the
universe
2. The 3K background
radiation
3. The
hydrogen-helium abundance
.
The past history of the Universe is one of an early, energetic time. As the
Universe expanded and cooled, phenomenon became less violent and more
stable
Classification of Galaxies

• There are about 100 billion

galaxies in our universe. If we plot
all the visible galaxies on a graph,
we will see something like this.
• In this graph, the galactic plane is
horizontal and we ignore the
distances. Note that the gas and
dust in our galaxy not only block
the stars in our galaxy, but also
the galaxies far away. Taking this
into consideration, the distribution
of the galaxies is fairly uniform.
• What do the other galaxies look
like? Galaxies come with many
sizes and shapes. They are
classified into three types: the
elliptical, the spiral and the "none
of the above" irregular
 The Milky Way Galaxy

• Almost all the stars visible by naked eyes are in our galaxy, the
Milky Way Galaxy. It contains about 200 billion stars. Most of them
are on the disk, which we call the galactic disk. The diameter is
about 100,000 ly while the thickness is just 1,000 ly. Thus, the disk
is very thin compared with the diameter.
1.1 The expansion of the universe
Doopler effect explanation
Redshift
Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation
• In 1965, a great discovery was
made. Microwave radiation
was detected from all
directions in the sky. Later on,
scientists realized that the
origin of this radiation is
cosmological. The spectrum
matches with that emitted by a
blackbody of temperature 3K.
After making the appropriate
correction, the radiation is
homogeneous and isotropic to
a very high precision. We
believe this background
radiation was generated when
the universe was very young.
Thus, the cosmological
principles were satisfied at the
beginning.
Courtesy STScI.
 1.2 The
hydrogen-helium abundance
 Formation of Atoms and Nuclei
• Why is there so much Helium?
– Hydrogen - simplest atom
• proton and electron
– Helium - second simplest
• 2 protons, 2 neutrons, and 2 electrons
• Example: Sun
– 73% Hydrogen
– 24% Helium
– 3% Heavier elements
• • as universe continues to cool
In 1940's George Gamow realized
the
helium could have been produced
just after the Big Bang due to
extreme temperature in the
Primordial Fireball
Present abundances (
like deuterium) tell us what was
going on very early in the
evolution of the universe
•
History of creation of elements in the
early universe
– As universe cools the proton and
neutrons begin to stick together
• when universe is 100
seconds old
– cooled to 1 billion K
-----> deuterium (p+n)
forms
Helium (2p +2n) forms
• after a few minutes
– cools to 100 million K
– now too cool for nuclear
reaction so we're stuck
with about 25% He (by
mass)
• many heavier elements had
to await formation of stars
where elements are formed
Cosmology
", and while the evidence supporting that model
The standard cosmological model is the "big bang
is enormous, it is not without problems. Trefil in The Moment of Creation does
a nice job of pointing out those problems.
1. The Antimatter Problem
2. The Galaxy Formation Problem
3. The Horizon Problem
4. The Flatness Problem
 – What is anti-matter (anti-
particles)?
• A type of matter which
has the same mass as
normal matter, but
opposite charge
• electromagnetic radiation)
particle charge of particle
anti-particle charge of anti-
particle
• proton positive anti-proton
negativeneutron neutral anti-
neutron neutralelectron
negative anti-electron or
positron positive
Anti-Matter
•
Matter and anti-matter can be
created in pairs from energy (or
• E = m c^2
E = energy
m = mass
c^2 = speed of light squared (here
just a constant of proportionality)
For example
• energy -------->proton + anti-proton
energy --------> electron + positron
• OR matter can annihilate in pairs
• proton + anti-proton ---------->
energy
electron + positron (anti-electron)
---------> energy
Radiation Era Evolution of Matter
• (The radiation era lasted for about 1000 years)
– Planck Epoch
• Matter Era
• First 10^-43 seconds after the Big Bang – Atomic Epoch
• No current theory of physics (quantum gravity) – Galactic Epoch
exists
– Stellar Epoch
– GUT (Grand Unified Theory) Epoch
• Vacuum-energy Era
• After 10^-43 seconds, temperature fell to 10^32 K (Dark Energy Era)
– Hadron Epoch – Today?
• Creation of protons and neutrons continued for – You won't read
about 10^-4 seconds about this in the
• Temperature drops below 10^13 K, and protons textbook; it is too
and neutrons are no longer produced in pairs new
– Lepton Epoch
• Ends when the universe is about 100 seconds old
• During this epoch, the leptons (electrons,
neutrinos, and other light particles) are still
produced in pairs, because they are light
• Ends when temperature drops below 1 billion K
– Nuclear Epoch
• Protons and neutrons fuse into nuclei
• Last until the Universe is about 15 minutes old
The Geometry • General Relativity allows for three geometries
of Spacetime in the Universe depending on the
of the density of the Universe and the Universal fate:
Hyperbolic (Open) Geometry
Parallel lines diverge.
Universe • Vsphere > 4/3 R3.
• Universe is unbound (expands forever).
• < 1 ( < 10-29g/cm3).

Flat (Euclidean) Geometry

Parallel lines remain at a constant distance.
– Vsphere = 4/3 R3
– Universe continuously slows down.
– = 1 ( = 10-29g/cm3).

Spherical (Closed) Geometry

Parallel lines converge.
– Vsphere < 4/3 R3
– Universe is bound (will collapse back)
– > 1 ( > 10-29g/cm3).

• Diagram from Ned Wright's Cosmology Tutorial ©

Edward L. Wright (UCLA), used with permission.
• Information cannot travel
faster than the speed of
light, so the causal region
(so-called horizon or
Hubble radius) at the time
of photon decoupling could
not be larger than about
300,000 light-years across,
or about one degree
projected on the sky today.
So why do regions that are
separated by more than
one degree in the sky have
the same temperature,
when the photons that
come from those two
distant regions could not
have been in causal contact
when they were emitted?
This constitutes the so-
called horizon problem,
which is spectacularly
solved by inflation
Bumi di 2012
• One thing fueling their
end-of-the-world paranoia
is the interesting
coincidence that on the
winter solstice (December
21st, 2012), the sun will
actually line up pretty
close between Earth and
the center of the galaxy.
Check out my super-
awesome graphic that I
just doodled up:
 End of the World in 2012
– The Doomsday
• The discussion and debate is all about “Will the
world come to an end by 2012?”. Most of the
proofs say “YES”. Let me explain about this
more with proven writings.
• The researchers and scientists around the
globe predicted the life of human race on the
earth would come to an end by the year 2012.
If it is true how this end will happen.
• Some scientists say that this dooms day will be
initiated by the humans who indulge in
terrorism and illegal activities.
• And few others say that the final destruction will
be brought by the nature itself.
• But on the other hand the religious leaders
predict that this drastic change will be God’s
action to begin the recycle of the world.
• Even though the human brains invented the
most miraculous things the scientists and non-
fictions forecasters agreed about the end of the
world in 2012. !!! Isn’t it a serious thing ?
What is the date of the World’s End?

. • With respect to the

Mayan calendar the
end of the world is
predicted on
December 21 2012.
After the occurrence
of Lunar moon their
calculations are
considered seriously.
2012 End of world Theories

• 1. Equilateral Plane of the

Milky Way Galaxy
• Mayans viewed the future with
their advanced knowledge of
space science and astronomy.
The have found that in the
Year of 2012 the earth will
enter the region of space
called as “Equilateral plane of
the Milky Way galaxy” through
which it will have destruction.
Scientists too agree that as the
solar system and the Earth
plunge into this highly
energized plane of the galaxy.
Sunspots are formed
by twisting lines of
magnetic force as the
sun's poles rotate
slower than the
equator
One sunspot can be larger than
Earth. It appears dark but it's just
not as bright as the surrounding
plasma
A coronal mass ejections
can be thousands of
miles long and travel at
speeds up to two million
miles per hour
Solar flare 9393 was the
most violent on record. If
it had hit Earth, it would
have caused
catastrophic damage.
Past solar activity can be reconstructed from carbon 14
levels and the angular momentum of the large planets
During most of the 1400's,
there was no solar activity.
This was the depths of the
Dark Ages. The peak
around 1600 was the only
bright spot, the
Renaissance
The was taken
during the solar
max of 2001. The
solar max of 2012
is predicted to be
more violent
• 2. Nuclear Devastation
• The end of the world
can be due to world war
and increasing usage of
nuclear weapons. And
many of us are aware
that this nuclear
destruction is already
started by some super
powers of the
world.nuclear-
devastation
• 3. Alien Contact
• There is an argument that
Mayans had contact with
extraterrestrial race(aliens).
• The implications of alien
contact during the year 2012
will vary depending on an
important factor in regards to
their actions towards us. Hostile
or benevolent. Good or evil.
• The end of the world in 2012
could be because of the hostile
alien race. These race may
come under the following
creatures, Reptilians, Greys,
bio mechanical
Androids,advanced Insectoids.
• If the destruction of the world is
due to the aliens, the reason
should be logically connected
with other World destruction
theories.
• 4. Asteroid Impact
• History says that some giant
asteroids destroyed the
Dinosaurs race. So it is
possible that those asteroids
can destroy the human race.
• Scientists predict that the
chances of a class 10 impact
(zero indicating no impact an 8
indicating a certain Earth
impact with severe global
damage and 10 indicating a
doomsday impact) are one in
1,000.
• Yet did they predict a date ?
Some say that the Mayans
picked 2012 for a reason.
• 5. Solar Flares
• A flare is defined as a sudden,
rapid, and intense variation in
brightness. A solar flare occurs
when magnetic energy that
has built up in the solar
.
atmosphere is suddenly
released. Radiation is emitted
across virtually the entire
electromagnetic spectrum,
from radio waves at the long
wavelength end, through
optical emission to x-rays and
gamma rays at the short
wavelength end.
• Even NASA has officially
indicated that solar flare
activity will be at peak during
the year 2012.
6. Biological Warfare
• A biological war may lead to the
destruction of the whole world. A
single virus can ruin the human
community without any trace.
7. The Dooms Day
• The end of the world 2012 by
Mayan calendar helps in
understanding all the facts and
fictions related to doomsday.
8. The Mayan Civilization
• The scientists and scholars
attempts to link the end of world in
2012 with Mayan predictions.
• The Mayans were well-known for
their advanced writing,mathematics
and astronomy. The Mayans lived
in centuries of Mesoamerica,
especially between A.D 300 and
900. The Long Count calendar,
which was discontinued under
Spanish colonization, tracks more
than 5,000 years, then resets at
year zero.
 The future of universe
(Looking into the Crystal Ball)
• Big Crunch: if the universe has enough matter in it (closed), the
gravity wins and the universe collapses on itself.
• A critical, coasting, or accelerating universe will exist "forever". The
universe will continue to change:
– more and more matter gets locked up into low mass stars, planets,
WDs, NSs, and BHs, and not recycled
– in one trillion years, even the longest-lives stars will burn out, and the
galaxies will fade into darkness - only cold WDs, NSs, and BHs remain
– in 10^20 years, these stellar remnants are either drifting in the
intergalactic space or sink into the supermassive BHs formed in the
centers of galaxies
– in 10^40 years, all remaining atomic matter will have disintegrated into
radiation and subatomic particles
– in 10^100 years, the only remaining objects (BHs) would have
evaporated by Hawking radiation or quantum-tunneled into pure energy.
Windows of Creation
• Time Reversal:
• If the Universe is closed, then
we might expect the arrow of
time, as defined by entropy to
reverse. There appears to be a
natural connection between
the expanding Universe and
the fact that heat moves from
hot areas (like stars) to cold
areas (like outer space). So if
the expansion of space were
to reverse, then would entropy
run the other way?
• This kind of Universe has no
real beginning or end, and is
refered to as an oscillating
Universe. Notice that it's
impossible to determine which
side you currently are on since
time reverses and all appears
normal to the observer.
• This ruling law of Nature
during the evolution of
the Universe has been
entropy, the fact that
objects go from order to
disorder. There are local
regions of high order,
such as our planet, but
only at the cost of greater
disorder somewhere
nearby.
• If the Universe is open or
flat (as our current
measurements and
theories suggest) then
the march of entropy will
continue and the fate of
our Universe is confined
to the principle of heat
death, the flow of energy
from high regions to low
regions.
• With this principle in
mind, we predict the
future of the Universe will
pass through four stages
as it continues to expand
 1. Stellar Era
• The Stellar Era is the time we
currently live in, where most of the
energy of the Universe comes from
thermonuclear fusion in the cores of
stars. The lifetime of the era is set
by the time it takes for the smallest,
lowest mass stars to use up their
hydrogen fuel.
• The lower mass a star is, the cooler
its core and the slower it burns its
hydrogen fuel (also the dimmer the
star is). The slower it burns its fuel,
the longer it lives (where `live' is
defined as still shining). The longest
lifetime of stars less than 1/10 a
solar mass (the mass of our Sun) is
10^14 years. .
•
 2. Degenerate
Era
• Once all the matter has been
converted into stars, and the hydrogen
fuel in the center of those stars has
been exhausted, the Universe enters
its second era, the Degenerate Era.
The use of the word degenerate here
is not a comment on the moral values
of the Universe, rather degenerate is a
physical word to describe the state of
matter that has cooled to densities
where all the electron shell orbits are
filled and in their lowest states.
• During this phase all stars are in the
form of white or brown dwarfs, or
neutron stars and black holes from
previous explosions. White and brown
dwarfs are degenerate in their matter,
slowly cooling and turning into black
dwarfs.
• During this era, galaxies dissolve as
stars go through two-body relaxation.
Two-body relaxation is when two stars
pass close to one another, one is kicked
to high velocity and leaves the galaxy,
the other is slowed down and mergers
with the Galactic black hole in the center
of the galaxy's core. In the end, the
Universe becomes filled with free stars
and giant black holes, leftover from the
galaxy cores.
• The Universe would evolve towards a
vast soup of black dwarf stars except for
process known as proton decay. The
proton is one of the most stable
elementary particles, yet even the
proton decays into a positron and a
meson on the order of once per 10^32
years. Thus, the very protons that make
up black dwarf stars and planets will
decay and the stars and planets will
dissolve into free leptons. This all takes
about 10^37 years.
•
 3. Black Hole
Era
• Once all the protons in the
Universe have decayed into
leptons, the only organized units
are black holes. From Hawking
radiation, we know that even black
holes are unstable and evaporate
into electrons and positrons
• This process is extremely slow,
varying inversely as the mass of
the black hole. For Galactic mass
black holes the time to dissolve
can last up to 10^100 years. The
result is a bunch of photons,
slowly cooling in the expanding
Universe.
 The Black Hole Age
Mass of black hole Time to evaporate
• 7 x 10^(22) kg (Moon) 10^(43) years
• 6 x 10^(24) kg (Earth) 10^(49) years
• 2 x 10^(30) kg (Sun) 10^(66) years
• 2 x 10^(36) kg (million Sun) 10^(84) years
• 2 x 10^(42) kg (galaxy) 10^(102) years

After about 10^(100) years, all the black

holes are gone
 4. Dark Era
• After all the black holes
have evaporated, the
Universe consists of an
expanding sea of very
long wavelength photons
and neutrinos. This is a
system of maximum
disorder, no coherent
structures or objects. No
sources of energy, and
no sinks as well. The rest
of time is simply a
continual lower of energy
until the state of quantum
vacuum is reached