1

By:
DR SOON CHIN FHONG
Department of Electronic Engineering
Faculty of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia
ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC
TECHNOLOGY
(BEX17003)


2
Chapter 3(a):
Direct Current Circuits
Analysis


3
Lecture Contents
Basic Law
3.1 Nodes, Branches, and Loops
3.2 Kirchoffs Laws
3.3 Series Resistors and Voltage Division
3.4 Parallel Resistors and Current Division
3.5 Series and Parallel Resistors
3.6 Wye-Delta Transformations
4
3.1 Nodes, Branches,
And Loops
5
Nodes, Branches and Loops
A branch:
a single element such as a voltage
source or a resistor
represents any two-terminal element
6
A: 5 branches
How many branches exist in this circuit?
7
Cont
A node:
the point of connection between two or
more branches.
usually indicated by a dot in a circuit.
8
A: 3 nodes
How many nodes exist in this circuit?
9
Cont
A loop:
any closed path in circuit
10
3.2 Kirchoffs
Laws
11
Kirchoffs Laws
Kirchoffs Current Law (KCL) states that the algebraic
sum of currents entering a node (or a closed loop
boundary) is zero.
The sum of the currents entering a node is equal to the
sum of the currents leaving the node.
Mathematically, KCL implies that
0 i
N
1 n
n
=

=
where,
i
n
= nth current entering (or leaving) the node
N= number of branches connected to the node
*Hukum Arus Kirchoff
..( Eq. 3.1)
12
I
6
I
1
I
2
I
3
I
4
I
5
I
1
- I
2
- I
3
+ I
4
- I
5
+ 1
6
=0
@
I
1
+ I
4
+ 1
6
= I
2
+ I
3
+I
5
current entering
current leaving

=
leaving entering
I I
..( Eq. 3.2 )
Kirchoffs Current Law (KCL)
13
Cont
Kirchoffs Voltage Law (KVL) states that the
algebraic sum of all voltages around a closed
path (or loop) is zero.

=
=
N
1 n
n
0 V
Where,
V
n
= the nth voltage
N= number of voltages in the loop
Sum of voltage across active element
= Sum of voltage across passive element
..( Eq. 3.3 )
14
+ V1 -
- V3 +
V2
+
-
E2
E1
R1
R2
R3
E
1
V
1
V
2
E
2
V
3
= 0 @
E
1
E
2
= V
1
+ V
2
+ V
3
Kirchoffs Voltage Law (KVL)
15
Example 3.1a

Write the KVL equation for the following circuit.
16
Solution 3.1a
-v
1
+ v
2
+ v
3
- v
4
+ v
5
= 0

v
2
+ v
3
+ v
5
=

v
1
+ v
4


17
Example 3.1b
Write the KVL equation for the following circuit.
18
Solution 3.1b
-V
5
+ V
4
V
3
V
2
+ V
1
= 0

v
1
+ v
4
= v
2
+ v
3
+ v
5
19
Example 3.2
For the following circuit, find voltages v
1
and v
2
.

i
+


+
1
v
2
v
O
2
O
3
V 20
20
Solution 3.2
From Ohms Law, v
1
= iR = i x 2 = 2i
v
2
= iR = i x 3 = 3i
From KVL , 20 = v
1
+v
2

20 = 2i +3i
20 = 5i
i = 4 A
So, v
1
= iR = 4 x 2 = 8 V
v
2
= iR = 4 x 3 =12 V

Check! KVL: 20 = 8+12 =20
i
+


+
1
v
2
v
O
2
O
3
V 20
21
Example 3.3
Find the power consumed by resistor Rx.
22
Solution 3.3
23
Example 3.4
Given that the power dissipated by
Resistor R1 is 4W. Find the value of Rx.
24
Solution 3.4
25
3.3 Series Resistors
and
Voltage Division
26
Series circuit
A series circuit is a circuit which provides only
one path for current to flow between two points
in a circuit so that the current is the same
through each series component.
Total Resistance
The total resistance of a series circuit
= the sum of the resistances of each
individual resistor.
27
Series Resistors and Voltage Division
28
Figure (a) Series circuit (b) Equivalent circuit
+ V -
V
s

R
series
+ V
1
- + V
2
-
V
s

R
1
R
2
+ V
3
- + V
N
-
R
3
R
N

(a)
(b)
) ( R ... R R R R R
N 3 2 1 equivalent T
O + + + + = =
(A)
R
V
(I) Current,
T
S
=
Voltage, v
1
= iR
1,
v
2
= iR
2

..( Eq. 3.4)
..( Eq. 3.5)
..( Eq. 3.6)
29
Voltage Divider Rules
Voltage drop across any of the
resistors can be written as follows:
V
2
I
Vs
+
-
V
1
V
4
V
3
+
-
+
-
+
-
+
-
R
1
R
4
R
2
R
3
Substituting V
S
/R
T
for I results in
Rearranging terms yields
Voltage divider formula
4 , 3 , 2 , 1 =
=
x
IR
x x
V
x
T
S
R
R
V
) ( =
x
V
S
T
x
V
R
R
) ( =
x
V
..( Eq. 3.7)
..( Eq. 3.8)
..( Eq. 3.9)
30
Example 3.5
3 k

V=24V
+ V
1
-
+
V
2
-

9k

Find v
1
and v
2
in the circuit below.
31
Solution 3.5
Based on KVL,
v = v
1
+v
2

= i(R1 +R2)
24 = i ((3 + 9)k)
= (12k) i
So, i = 24/(12k) = 2 (mA)
By using i value,
v
1
= iR
1
=2m x 3k = 6 V
v
2
= iR
2
=2m x 9k = 18 V
Check! KVL: 24V =( 6+18 )V =24 V
V=24V
+ V
1
-
3 k

+
V
2
-

9k

i
32
Example 3.6
Calculate the voltage drop across each resistor in the
voltage divider in figure below .
I
Vs
100V
+
-
V
2
V
1
V
3
+
-
+
-
+
-
R
1
=100
R
2
=220
R
3
=680

33
Solution 3.6
I
Vs
100V
+
-
V
2
V
1
V
3
+
-
+
-
+
-
R
1
=100
R
2
=220
R
3
=680

V V
R
R
V
V V
R
R
V
V V
R
R
V
S
T
S
T
S
T
68 100 )
1000
680
(
22 100 )
1000
220
(
10 100 )
1000
100
(
3
3
2
2
1
1
= = =
= = =
= = =
Check! KVL: 100V =( 10+22+68 )V =100V
34
3.4 Parallel
Resistors
and Current Division
35
Parallel Resistors and Current Division
Figure (a) Parallel Circuit (b) Equivalent Circuit
V
s

+ V -
V
s

R
parallel

(a) (b)
I
+
V
1
-

R
1
+
V
2
-

R
2
+
V
N
-

R
N
I
I
1
I
2
I
N

36
(V) V ,..., V V V V
N 3 2 1
= = = =
(A) I ... I I I (I) Current,
N 3 2 1
+ + + + =
()
R
1
...
R
1
R
1
R
1
R
()
R
1
...
R
1
R
1
R
1
R
1
R
1
1
N 3 2 1
T
N 3 2 1 equivalent T

+ + + + =
+ + + + = =
..( Eq. 3.10)
..( Eq. 3.11)
..( Eq. 3.13)
..( Eq. 3.12)
37
Example 3.7
For the following circuit, find;

(a) Equivalent resistance
(b) Total current
(c) Currents through
each resistor
(d) Power for each element
and total circuit power
(e) Power supplied by the source
30 V
10

+
V
1
-

5

+
V
2
-

I
1

I
2

I
T
38
Solution 3.7
A I
I
R I V
R
R
T
T
T T
T
T
9 )
10
3
( 30
)
3
10
( 30
current b)Total
33 . 3
3
10
10
3
10
1 2
10
1
5
1 1
resistance nt a)Equivale
= =
=
=
O = =
=
+
= + =
30 V
+
V
1
-

5

+
V
2
-

10

I
1

I
2

I
T
39
Solution 3.7(cont.)
30 V
10

+
V
1
-

5

+
V
2
-

I
1

I
2

I
T
A A A
I I I
CHECK
A
R
V
I
A
R
V
I
R
V
I IR V
T
9 ) 3 6 ( 9
:
3
10
30
6
5
30
2 1
2
2
1
1
= + =
+ =
= = =
= = =
= =
resistor each through c)Currents
40
Solution 3.7(cont.)
W W W
P P
T
P
CHECK
W V
T
I
T
P
W V I P
W V I P
IV P
270 ) 90 180 ( 270
2 1
:
270 30 9
source by the supplied e)Power
90 30 3
2 2
180 30 6
1 1
power circuit total and element each for d)Power
= + =
+ =
= = =
= = =
= = =
=
30 V
+
V
1
-

5

+
V
2
-

10

I
1

I
2

I
T
41
Current Divider Rules
The formula for total resistance
of 2 parallel branches,
2 1
2 1
R R
R R
R
T
+
=
I
V
S

+
V
1
-

R
1
+
V
2
-

R
2
I
1
I
2

Current Divider formula for 2 branches
From Ohms Law,
T
T T T
T
T T T
T T
I
R
R
R
R I
R
V
I
I
R
R
R
R I
R
V
I
R I R I R I V
(

= = =
(

= = =
= = =
2 2 2
2
1 1 1
1
2 2 1 1
,
..( Eq. 3.14)
..( Eq. 3.15)
42
Current Divider Rules
Substituting R
1
R
2
/(R
1
+R
2
) for R
T
and canceling result in
T
I
T
R
yields terms g Rearrangin

T
R
T
I
in results
X
I for expression in the
S
V for
T
R
T
I ng Substituti

T
R
T
I
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
=
= =
X
R
x
I
X
R
x
I
S
V
X
R
S
V
x
I
Current Divider formula for 2 branches
Currentdivider formula for 2 branches
..( Eq. 3.16)
..( Eq. 3.17)
43
Current Divider Rules
Substituting R1R2/(R1+R2) for
RT and canceling result in
General Current Divider formula for any number of branches
Therefore, current divider formula for 2 branches are :
T T
I
R
R R
R R
I I
R
R R
R R
I
(
(
(
(

+
=
(
(
(
(

+
=
2
2 1
2 1
2
1
2 1
2 1
1
,
T T
I
R R
R
I I
R R
R
I
(

+
=
(

+
=
2 1
1
2
2 1
2
1
,
Currentdivider formula
..( Eq. 3.18)
I
V
S

+
V
1
-

R
1
+
V
2
-

R
2
I
1
I
2

44
Example 3.8
For the following circuit, find current for
each element using current divider rules.
12 V
+
V
1
-

15

+
V
2
-

30

I
1

I
2

I
45
Solution 3.8
12 V
1/R
all
= 1/R
1
+1/R
2

= (R
1
+ R
2
)/(R
1
R
2
)

R
all
= (R
1
R
2
)/(R
1
+R
2
)
= (15 x 30)/ (15 +30)
= 450/45 = 10

V
all
= V
1
=V
2
= 12V

I
1
= V
1
/R
1
= 12/15 = 0.8 A
I
2
= V
2
/R
2
= 12/30 = 0.4 A

+
V
1
-

15

+
V
2
-

30

I
1

I
2

I
Check!
V
all
=IR
all
I=V
all
/R
all

I=12/10=1.2 A

KCL:
I = I
1
+ I
2

1.2 A= (0.8 +0.4)A =1.2 A

=
leaving entering
I I
46

3.5 Series and
Parallel Resistors

47
Combinational Series and Parallel Circuits
Define as a circuit that consist of a combination
series and parallel circuit.
We can get the equivalent resistance by
looking the total resistance from the voltage or
current source.
Lets consider the following example for better
understanding.
48
Example 3.9
For the following circuit, find the equation
for the equivalent resistance.
V
s

R
1
R
2
R
3
R
6

R
4
R
5
R
7
49
Solution 3.9
V
s

R
1
R
2
R
3
R
6

R
4
R
5
R
7
(i)R
x
(ii)R
y
(iii)R
z
(i) Series resistors, R
x
=R
1
+R
2
+R
3

(ii) Series resistors Ry = R
6
+ R
7

(i) Parallel resistors R
z
= R
4
//R
5

1/R
z
= 1/R
4
+1/R
5
+ 1/R
V

= ( R
5
R
V
+R
4
R
V
+ R
4
R
5
) / ( R
4
R
5
R
V
)

So, R
z
= ( R
4
R
5
R
V
) / ( R
5
R
V
+R
4
R
V
+ R
4
R
5
)

Equivalent resistance = (i) + (iii) = R
X
+R
Z

=(R
1
+R
2
+R
3
) + ( R
4
R
5
R
V
) / ( R
5
R
V
+R
4
R
V
+ R
4
R
5
)
=( R
1
+R
2
+R
3
) + ( R
4
R
5
(R
6
+ R
7
) ) /
( R
5
(R
6
+ R
7
) +R
4
(R
6
+ R
7
) + R
4
R
5
)
50
Exercise 3.1
Calculate the equivalent resistance R
ab
at terminals a-b.
a
b
O 10
O 80
O 60 O 20 O 30
A: R
ab
= 16
51
3.6 Wye-Delta
Transformations
52
DELTA WYE transformation
R
1
R
2
R
3
R
a

R
b
R
c
a
b
c
3 2 1
3 1
c
3 2 1
3 2
b
3 2 1
2 1
a
R R R
R R
R
R R R
R R
R
R R R
R R
R
+ +
=
+ +
=
+ +
=
( Eq. 3.19)
53
WYE - DELTA transformation
a
c b
c b 3
c
b a
b a 2
b
c a
c a 1
R
R R
R R R
R
R R
R R R
R
R R
R R R
+ + =
+ + =
+ + =
R
1
R
2
R
3
R
a

R
b
R
c
a
b
c
( Eq. 3.20)
54
WYE - DELTA transformation
a
a c c b b a
3
c
a c c b b a
2
b
a c c b b a
1
R
R R R R R R
R
R
R R R R R R
R
R
R R R R R R
R
+ +
=
+ +
=
+ +
=
R
1
R
2
R
3
R
a

R
b
R
c
a
b
c
( Eq. 3.21)
55
20k
a
b
c
d
12k
18k
6k
12k
12k
Find the equivalent resistance.
Example 3.11
56
20k
a
b
c
d
12k
18k
6k
12k
12k
20k
a
b
c
d
Rc Rb
12k 12k
Ra
Solution 3.11
57
O = + + =
O = + + =
O =
+ +
=
O =
+ +
=
O =
+ +
= Y A
k ) R Ra k R
k k Rc k Rb R
k
k
k
parallel all
parallel
875 . 30 20 (
875 . 7 ) 12 //( ) 12 (
6
12k 18k 6k
(12k)(18k)
Rc
2
12k 18k 6k
(6k)(12k)
Rb
3
12k 18k 6k
(6k)(18k)
Ra :
Solution 3.11 (cont.)
58
Exercise 3.2
Obtain the equivalent resistance at the terminals a-b
for the circuit below.
a
b
O 30
O 20
O 20
O 10
O 10
O 10
Answer: R
ab
= 9.23