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ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC

TECHNOLOGY
(BDA14303)


Chapter 2

OHMS LAW
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2.1 Electrical Resistant
Resistance is a measure of how much an
object opposes the passage of electrons. The
unit of electrical resistance is the ohm and it
is represented by
Every material has Resistance. Copper has a
low resistance and wood has a high
resistance. For example, a meter of copper
has a resistance of only 1 Ohm but a metre of
wood has a resistance of 10,000,000 ohm
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Cont
Good conductors copper and aluminum
[low resistance]

Good resistor mica and paper [high
resistance]

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This table shows the resistivity () , conductivity () and temperature coefficient of various
materials at 20 C (68 F)

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Graphite paste
electrode
Measuring the
conductivity of
GPE using 2
probe station.
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Experiment conducted at clean room
(MiNT-Shamsudin Research Center)

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2.2 Ohms Law and Resistance
Ohms Law describe mathematically how
voltage, current and resistance in a circuit are
related.
Ohms law can be stated as:

Where:
V= Voltage
I = Current
R = Resistance
V=IR
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Resistor
Resistor - an electrical device that resists the
flow of electrical current

Usually made from metallic alloys and carbon
compounds

i
R
FIGURE 2.2 : Circuit symbol for resistor
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2.3 Temperature effect, power
absorption by resistor (Power Rating)
Resistor gives off heat when there is current
through it.
The limit to the amount of heat that a resistor
can give off is specified by its power rating.
Power rating is the maximum amount of
power that a resistor can dissipate without
being damage by excessive heat build up.
It determined mainly by physical composition,
size and shape of the resistor. Ex: larger
resistor surface area, more power can
dissipate.
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Cont
Metal-film resistor are available in standard
power rating from 1/8W to 1W.
Power rating must be greater than max power
the resistor can handle.
Ex: a resistor can dissipate 0.75W, its rating
should go for 1W
Ideally, rating should twice value higher than
actual power.
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Example: Choose an adequate power rating for each of
metal film resistor.
10 V
R
120
V
R
1000
I= 10mA
(a)
(b)
(a) P=V
2
/R
=(10V)
2
/120
=0.833W
So, we need to select a
higher power rating resistor.
1W resistor should be used.
P= I
2
R
= (10mA)
2
(1000)
= 0.1W
At least 1/8W (0.125W)
resistor should be used
in this case.
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2.4 Nominal value and tolarance level,
color code
Fixed resistor are available with large
selection of resistance and cannot be change
Its come in Four Band Color Code and
Five-Band Color Code.
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Identifying resistors
The scheme is simple:
The first two numbers are the first two significant digits of the
resistance value,
the third is a multiplier,
and the fourth is the tolerance of the value.
Each color corresponds to a certain number, shown in the
chart below.
The tolerance for a 4-band resistor will be 2%, 5%, or 10%.

FIGURE 2.3 : Identifying resistor
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Example
A) If the first band is green (5) the second
digit is blue (6) and the third band is orange
(3), the value of the resistor is 56000 ohm.
Because 1000 Ohm = 1 K, we have 56k
B) red, red, yellow. So we have 2, 2, 0000 or
220K Ohm
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Example: Find the resistance value in ohms and
percentage of tolerance for each resistor below:
a.
b.
c.
2.5 Open & Short Circuit
If R = 0, short circuit





v=iR=0, voltage is zero, current could be anything
Short Circuit
If R = , open circuit






Current is zero, voltage could be anything


0
lim

R
v
R
i
Open Circuit
(Eq. 2. 4)
Conductance (kealiran)
Reciprocal of resistance, denoted by G.
Measure of how well an element will conduct electric
current.
Unit = mho (ohm spelled back-ward) or Siemens.
R
1
G

1 S = 1 = 1A/V
(Eq. 2. 5)
Example
10k
i
v
+
-
2mA
For the circuit shown below, calculate the voltage v,
the conductance G, and the power p.
Solution 2.1
10k
i
v
+
-
2mA
For the circuit shown below, calculate the voltage v,
the conductance G, and the power p.
From the figure ,we know
i = 2 mA =2 x 10
-3
A,
R = 10 k = 10 x 10
3


v = iR = 2 x 10
-3
x 10 x 10
3
= 20 x 10
0
= 20 V

G = 1/R = 1/ 10 x 10
3
= 1 x (10
-1+(-3)
) = 1 x 10
-4
Siemens

p = iv = 2 x 10
-3
x 20 = 4 x 10
1-3
= 4 x 10
-2
W

variable resistor
Fixed Resistors

Exercise!!!
1. The voltage across a 5 K Ohm resistor is 16
V. Find the current through the resistor.
2. Find the hot resistance of a lightbulb rated 60
W, 120 V.
3. When the voltage across a resistor is 120 V,
the current through it is 2.5 mA. Calculate its
conductance.
Solution!
G = 1/R = 1/ 48K =0.02 m Siemens