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Properties & Applications of ceramics-

Part 1
Yiming Hu, Yaswanth,Yao Ma and Giridharan- Group 3
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What are ceramics?

They are compounds between metallic and non-metallic
elements. Example- Alumina(Al
2
O
3
), Silicon Carbide(SiC),
Silicon Nitride(Si
3
N
4
).

Properties?
Their Stiffness and Strength are comparable to that of metals

They are hard and highly Brittle.

They are very good Insulators of heat and elctricity.


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Structure of Ceramics
The Interatomic bonding in ceramics is either completely ionic or
predominantly ionic(combination of ionic and covalent).

Factors which influence the Crystal Structure:
Magnitude of electrical charge on each ion, Charge balance dictates
chemical formula (Ca
2+
and F
-
form CaF
2
).
Relative sizes of cations and anions:Cations want maximum
possible number of anion nearest neighbors and vice-versa.







- -
- -
+
unstable
-
-
- -
+
stable
- -
- -
+
stable
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The coordination number is related to the cation-anion radius
ratio.
Coordination number and radius ratio

< 0.155
0.155 - 0.225
0.225 - 0.414
0.414 - 0.732
0.732 - 1.0
r
cation
r
anion
Coord
no
ION LOCATIONS
2
3
4
6
8
ZnS
(zinc blende)
NaCl
(sodium
chloride)
CsCl
(cesium
chloride)
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Al
2
O
3
- Cr
2
O
3
Ceramic Phase
Diagram


Al
2
O
3
and Cr
2
O
3
have the same
crystal structure.

They also have same charge
and similar radii.

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MgO-Al
2
O
3








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Al
2
O
3
-SiO
2
Phase Diagram

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ZrO
2
- CaO System

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Brittle fracture

Stress-Strain Behaviour

Transverse Bending test
Mechanical Properties of Ceramics
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Brittle Fracture of Ceramics:

Fracture = formation+propagation of cracks

ASM Handbook, Vol. 12, Fractography, ASM International, Materials Park, OH, 1987
Intergranular
Transgranular
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Fracture Toughness
Used to measure ceramic materials ability to resist fracture
when a crack is present.

Defined as


a dimensionless parameter or function depending on
specimen and crack geometries.
applied stress
length of a surface crack or half of an internal crack

------- critical fracture toughness
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Fracture Toughness
When , crack propagation will not occur.

When , and stresses are static, fracture of ceramic
will occur by the slow propagation of cracks,

----------static fatigue (or delayed fracture)

sensitive to environmental conditions, specifically
moisture



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Fractography of ceramics
Involves examining the path of crack propagation and microscopic
features.
D. W. Richerson, Modern Ceramic Engineering, 2
nd
edition, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York,
1992.
representations of crack origins and configurations
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Fractography of ceramics
J. J. Mecholsky, R. W. Rice, and S. W. Freiman, Prediction of Fracture Energy and Flaw Size
in Glasses from Measurements of Mirror Size,J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 57[10] 440 (1974)
Schematic diagram that shows typical features observed on the
fracture surface of a brittle ceramic.
Initial acceleration
After reaching critical velocity
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StressStrain Behaviour




Tensile Test

3 Reasons for the failure of Tensile test


Transverse Bending test
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Flexural Strength
Definition :


The Stress at fracture using this flexure test is known as
Flexural Strength, Modulus of rupture, Fracture strength,
or Bend strength.
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3 point loading scheme for Stress-Strain
Behaviour
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Elastic Behaviour
Typical Stress-Strain
Behaviour to fracture
For aluminium oxide
And glass
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Mechanisms of plastic deformation
Crystalline Ceramics

Ionic bonds






Covalent bonds


Covalent bonds are relatively strong
Limited numbers of slip system
Dislocation structures are complex

Very few slip system
Electrically charged nature of the ions

Mode of slip is restrically
Electrostatic repulsion
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Mechanisms of plastic deformation
Noncrystalline Ceramics


viscous flow

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Miscellaneous mechanical considerations
Influence of Porosity
powder particles


desired shape

pores
void spaces

Pore elimination process

Residual porosity remain


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Miscellaneous mechanical considerations
Influence of Porosity ---Elastic properties
Elastic properties

E -Modulus of elasticity
E0 -modulus of elasticity of
the nonporous material



Decrease
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Flexural strength

-pores reduce the cross
-sectional area across
which a load is applied

-act as stress concentrators
Miscellaneous mechanical considerations
Influence of Porosity ---Flexural strength
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Hardness
Abrasives

Requirements:
Hardness / wear resistance
High degree of toughness
Refractoriness is desirable

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Hardness
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Creep
Materials are often placed in service at elevated
temperatures and exposed to static mechanical stresses