Information Gathering: Interactive Methods: Systems Analysis and Design, 7e Kendall & Kendall

Information
Gathering: Interactive
Methods
Systems Analysis and Design,
7e
Kendall & Kendall
4
2008 Pearson Prentice Hall
Objectives
Recognize the value of interactive methods for

information gathering
onstruct intervie! "uestions to elicit human

information re"uirements
Structure intervie!s in a !ay that is meaningful

to users
#nderstand the conce$t of %AD and !hen to use it
&rite e'ective "uestions to survey users about

their !or(
Design and administer e'ective "uestionnaires

Kendall & Kendall Kendall & Kendall 4- 4-2 2
)nteractive *ethods to +licit
,uman )nformation Re"uirements
)ntervie!ing
%oint a$$lication design -%AD.
"uestionnaires
*ajor /o$ics
)ntervie!ing
)ntervie! $re$aration
0uestion ty$es
Arranging 0uestions
/he intervie! re$ort
%oint A$$lication Design -%AD.
)nvolvement
location
0uestionnaires
&riting "uestions
#sing Scales
Design
Administering
)ntervie!ing
)ntervie!ing is an im$ortant method

for collecting data on human and
system information re"uirements
)ntervie!s reveal information about1
)ntervie!ee o$inions
)ntervie!ee feelings
2oals
Key ,) concerns
)ntervie! 3re$aration
Reading bac(ground material
+stablishing intervie! objectives
Deciding !hom to intervie!
3re$aring the intervie!ee
Deciding on "uestion ty$es and

structure
0uestion /y$es
O$en4ended
losed
O$en4+nded 0uestions
O$en4ended intervie! "uestions

allo! intervie!ees to res$ond ho!
they !ish, and to !hat length they
!ish
O$en4ended intervie! "uestions are

a$$ro$riate !hen the analyst is
interested in breadth and de$th of
re$ly
Advantages of O$en4+nded
0uestions
3uts the intervie!ee at ease
Allo!s the intervie!er to $ic( u$

on the intervie!ee5s vocabulary
3rovides richness of detail
Reveals avenues of further

"uestioning that may have gone
unta$$ed
Advantages of O$en4+nded
0uestions -ontinued.
3rovides more interest for the

intervie!ee
Allo!s more s$ontaneity
*a(es $hrasing easier for the

intervie!er
#seful if the intervie!er is

un$re$ared
Disadvantages of O$en4+nded
0uestions
*ay result in too much irrelevant detail
3ossibly losing control of the intervie!
*ay ta(e too much time for the amount

of useful information gained
3otentially seeming that the intervie!er

is un$re$ared
3ossibly giving the im$ression that the

intervie!er is on a 67shing e8$edition9
losed )ntervie! 0uestions
losed intervie! "uestions limit the

number of $ossible res$onses
losed intervie! "uestions are

a$$ro$riate for generating $recise,
reliable data that is easy to analyze
/he methodology is e:cient, and it

re"uires little s(ill for intervie!ers to
administer
;ene7ts of losed )ntervie!
0uestions
Saving intervie! time
+asily com$aring intervie!s
2etting to the $oint
Kee$ing control of the

intervie!
overing a large area "uic(ly
2etting to relevant data

Disadvantages of losed
)ntervie! 0uestions
;oring for the intervie!ee
<ailure to obtain rich

detailing
*issing main ideas
<ailing to build ra$$ort

bet!een intervie!er and
intervie!ee
Figure 4.5 Attributes of =$en4
ended and closed "uestions
;i$olar 0uestions
;i$olar "uestions are those that may

be ans!ered !ith a >yes? or >no? or
>agree? or >disagree?
;i$olar "uestions should be used

s$aringly
A s$ecial (ind of closed "uestion

3robes
3robing "uestions elicit more detail

about $revious "uestions
/he $ur$ose of $robing "uestions is1
/o get more meaning
/o clarify
/o dra! out and e8$and on the

intervie!ee5s $oint
*ay be either o$en4ended or closed

Arranging 0uestions
3yramid
starting !ith closed "uestions and !or(ing

to!ard o$en4ended "uestions
<unnel
starting !ith o$en4ended "uestions and

!or(ing to!ard closed "uestions
Diamond
starting !ith closed, moving to!ard o$en4

ended, and ending !ith closed "uestions
3yramid Structure
;egins !ith very detailed, often

closed "uestions
+8$ands by allo!ing o$en4ended

"uestions and more generalized
res$onses
)s useful if intervie!ees need to be

!armed u$ to the to$ic or seem
reluctant to address the to$ic
Figure 4.7 3yramid structure for
intervie!ing goes from s$eci7c to general
"uestions
<unnel Structure
;egins !ith generalized, o$en4ended

"uestions
oncludes by narro!ing the $ossible

res$onses using closed "uestions
3rovides an easy, non4threatening

!ay to begin an intervie!
)s useful !hen the intervie!ee feels

emotionally about the to$ic
Figure 4.8 <unnel structure for intervie!ing
begins !ith broad "uestions then funnels to
s$eci7c "uestions
Diamond Structure
A diamond4sha$ed structure begins in

a very s$eci7c !ay
/hen more general issues are

e8amined
oncludes !ith s$eci7c "uestions
ombines the strength of both the

$yramid and funnel structures
/a(es longer than the other structures

Figure 4.9 Diamond4sha$ed structure for
intervie!ing combines the $yramid and
funnel structures
losing the )ntervie!
Al!ays as( @)s there anything else

that you !ould li(e to addA9
Summarize and $rovide feedbac( on

your im$ressions
As( !hom you should tal( !ith ne8t
Set u$ any future a$$ointments
/han( them for their time and sha(e

hands
)ntervie! Re$ort
&rite as soon as $ossible after the

intervie!
3rovide an initial summary, then

more detail
Revie! the re$ort !ith the

res$ondent
%oint A$$lication Design
-%AD.
%oint A$$lication Design -%AD. can

re$lace a series of intervie!s !ith
the user community
%AD is a techni"ue that allo!s the

analyst to accom$lish re"uirements
analysis and design the user
interface !ith the users in a grou$
setting
onditions that Su$$ort the
#se of %AD
#sers are restless and !ant

something ne!
/he organizational culture su$$orts

joint $roblem4solving behaviors
Analysts forecast an increase in the

number of ideas using %AD
3ersonnel may be absent from their

jobs for the length of time re"uired
&ho )s )nvolved
+8ecutive s$onsor
)S Analyst
#sers
Session leader
Observers
Scribe
&here to ,old %AD *eetings
O'site
omfortable surroundings
*inimize distractions
Attendance
Schedule !hen $artici$ants can attend
Agenda
Orientation meeting
;ene7ts of %AD
/ime is saved, com$ared !ith

traditional intervie!ing
Ra$id develo$ment of systems
)m$roved user o!nershi$ of the

system
reative idea $roduction is

im$roved
Dra!bac(s of #sing %AD
%AD re"uires a large bloc( of time to

be available for all session
$artici$ants
)f $re$aration or the follo!4u$ re$ort

is incom$lete, the session may not be
successful
/he organizational s(ills and culture

may not be conducive to a %AD session
0uestionnaires
0uestionnaires are useful in
gathering information from (ey
organization members about1
Attitudes
;eliefs
;ehaviors
haracteristics
3lanning for the #se of
0uestionnaires
Organization members are !idely

dis$ersed
*any members are involved !ith the

$roject
+8$loratory !or( is needed
3roblem solving $rior to intervie!s is

necessary
0uestion /y$es
0uestions are designed as either1
O$en4ended
/ry to antici$ate the res$onse you !ill get
&ell suited for getting o$inions
losed
#se !hen all the o$tions may be listed
&hen the o$tions are mutually e8clusive

Figure 4.12 /rade4o's bet!een the use of
o$en4ended and closed "uestions on
"uestionnaires
0uestionnaire Banguage
Sim$le
S$eci7c
Short
Cot $atronizing
<ree of bias
Addressed to those !ho are

(no!ledgeable
/echnically accurate
A$$ro$riate for the reading level of the

res$ondent
*easurement Scales
/he t!o di'erent forms of

measurement scales are1
Cominal
)nterval
Cominal Scales
Cominal scales are used to classify

things
)t is the !ea(est form of

measurement
Data may be totaled

What type of software do you use the most?
1 = Word Processor
2 = Spreadsheet
3 = Database
4 = An Emai Pro!ram
)nterval Scales
An interval scale is used !hen the

intervals are e"ual
/here is no absolute zero
+8am$les of interval scales include the

<ahrenheit or entigrade scale
"ow usefu is the support !i#en by the $echnica Support %roup?
&'$ (SE)(* E+$,E-E*.
A$ A** (SE)(*
1 2 3 4 /
Dalidity And Reliability
Reliability of scales refers to

consistency in res$onseEgetting the
same results if the same
"uestionnaire !as administered again
under the same conditions
Dalidity is the degree to !hich the

"uestion measures !hat the analyst
intends to measure
3roblems !ith Scales
Beniency
entral tendency
,alo e'ect
Beniency
aused by easy raters
Solution is to move the @average9

category to the left or right of center
entral /endency
entral tendency occurs !hen

res$ondents rate everything as
average
)m$rove by ma(ing the di'erences

smaller at the t!o ends
Adjust the strength of the descri$tors
reate a scale !ith more $oints

,alo +'ect
&hen the im$ression formed in one

"uestion carries into the ne8t
"uestion
Solution is to $lace one trait and

several items on each $age
Designing the 0uestionnaire
Allo! am$le !hite s$ace
Allo! am$le s$ace to !rite or ty$e in

res$onses
*a(e it easy for res$ondents to

clearly mar( their ans!ers
;e consistent in style
Order of 0uestions
3lace most im$ortant "uestions 7rst
luster items of similar content

together
)ntroduce less controversial

"uestions 7rst
Figure 4.13 &hen designing a &eb survey,
(ee$ in mind that there are di'erent !ays to
ca$ture res$onses
*ethods of Administering the
0uestionnaire
onvening all concerned res$ondents

together at one time
3ersonally administering the

"uestionnaire
Allo!ing res$ondents to self4

administer the "uestionnaire
*ailing "uestionnaires
Administering over the &eb or via

email
+lectronically Submitting
0uestionnaires
Reduced costs
ollecting and storing the results

electronically
Summary
)ntervie!ing
)ntervie! $re$aration
0uestion ty$es
Arranging 0uestions
/he intervie! re$ort
%oint A$$lication Design -%AD.

)nvolvement and location
0uestionnaires
&riting "uestions
#sing Scales and overcoming $roblems
Design and order
Administering and submitting

Information Gathering: Interactive Methods: Systems Analysis and Design, 7e Kendall & Kendall

Cargado por

Información del documento

Título original

Derechos de autor

Formatos disponibles

Compartir este documento

Compartir o incrustar documentos

Opciones para compartir

¿Le pareció útil este documento?

¿Este contenido es inapropiado?

Copyright:

Formatos disponibles

Information Gathering: Interactive Methods: Systems Analysis and Design, 7e Kendall & Kendall

Cargado por

Copyright:

Formatos disponibles

Information

Recognize the value of interactive methods for

onstruct intervie! "uestions to elicit human

Structure intervie!s in a !ay that is meaningful

#nderstand the conce$t of %AD and !hen to use it

&rite e'ective "uestions to survey users about

Design and administer e'ective "uestionnaires

%oint a$$lication design -%AD.

)ntervie!ing is an im$ortant method

)ntervie!s reveal information about1

Reading bac(ground material

+stablishing intervie! objectives

Deciding !hom to intervie!

3re$aring the intervie!ee

Deciding on "uestion ty$es and

O$en4ended intervie! "uestions

O$en4ended intervie! "uestions are

3uts the intervie!ee at ease

Allo!s the intervie!er to $ic( u$

3rovides richness of detail

Reveals avenues of further

3rovides more interest for the

Allo!s more s$ontaneity

*a(es $hrasing easier for the

#seful if the intervie!er is

*ay result in too much irrelevant detail

3ossibly losing control of the intervie!

*ay ta(e too much time for the amount

3otentially seeming that the intervie!er

3ossibly giving the im$ression that the

losed intervie! "uestions limit the

losed intervie! "uestions are

/he methodology is e:cient, and it

Saving intervie! time

+asily com$aring intervie!s

2etting to the $oint

Kee$ing control of the

overing a large area "uic(ly

2etting to relevant data

;oring for the intervie!ee

<ailure to obtain rich

*issing main ideas

<ailing to build ra$$ort

;i$olar "uestions are those that may

;i$olar "uestions should be used

A s$ecial (ind of closed "uestion

3robing "uestions elicit more detail

/he $ur$ose of $robing "uestions is1

/o get more meaning

/o dra! out and e8$and on the

*ay be either o$en4ended or closed

starting !ith closed "uestions and !or(ing

starting !ith o$en4ended "uestions and

starting !ith closed, moving to!ard o$en4

;egins !ith very detailed, often

+8$ands by allo!ing o$en4ended

)s useful if intervie!ees need to be

;egins !ith generalized, o$en4ended

oncludes by narro!ing the $ossible

3rovides an easy, non4threatening

)s useful !hen the intervie!ee feels

A diamond4sha$ed structure begins in

/hen more general issues are