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Biomolecules
Proteins
Organic compounds made up primarily of
C, H, O, N.
Building blocks are called amino acids
Functions
Transport and storage
Mechanical structure and support
Motion
Information and control
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Carbohydrates
Contains C, H, O
Building blocks are monosaccharides
Types
Simple sugars- glucose, galactose,
fructose
Double sugars- sucrose, lactose
Polysaccharides starch, glycogen
Functions are energy storage, cell walls and
for structural support.
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Lipids
Known as fats
Building blocks are fatty acids and glycerol
Types
Simple fatty acids, fats and oils
Compound phospholipids, sterols,
glycolipids
Functions: energy storage, membrane
components, messengers
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Nucleic acids
Building blocks are nucleotides
Types
DNA- makes up the genetic code
-double stranded helix as discovered
by James Watson and Francis Crick
- RNA
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Attributes of Life
Movement and Locomotion
Responsiveness and Sensitivity
Growth and Nutrition
Systhesis and Excretion
Reproduction and Evolution
Regulation and Homeostasis
Cellular Organization
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Cell Structure
Chapter 3
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Cell Theory
(Matthias Schleiden and Theodore
Schwann)
All organisms are composed of one or
more cells.
Cells are the smallest living units of all
living organisms.
Cells arise only by division of a
previously existing cell.
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Cell Functions
Nutrition
Digestion
Absorption
Biosynthesis
Respiration
Excretion
Secretion
Response
Reproduction
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Visualizing Cells
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Nucleus
Relatively large structure
within a cell
Directs cell activities
Some simple single celled
organisms lack a nucleus
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Nucleus
Prokaryotes have no
nucleus
Eukaryotes have a nucleus
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Prokaryotes
Single celled organism
Kingdom Monera
Lacks a cell nucleus
Internal structure is less
organized than other cells
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Prokaryotic Cells
Simplest organisms
Cytoplasm is surrounded by plasma
membrane and encased in a rigid cell
wall.
no distinct interior compartments
Susceptibility of bacteria to
antibiotics depends on cell wall
structure.
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Prokaryotic Cells
Some use flagellum for locomotion
threadlike structures protruding from cell
surface
Bacterial cell wall
Flagellin
Rotary
motor
Sheath
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Eukaryotic Cells
Characterized by compartmentalization by
an endomembrane system, and the
presence of membrane-bound organelles.
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Generalized Eukaryotic Cell
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Eukaryotes
Human body has at least 85
different cell types
All eukaryotes have a number
of structures in common
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Common structures
Organelles smaller parts of
the cell with specific funtions
Cell membrane acts as a
gatekeeper
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Cell membrane
Controls what enters and leaves
the cell
Plants, algae and bacteria
typically have a tough outer
structure known as a cell wall
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Cell wall
Provides additional structure
and protects the cell from
pressure caused by movement
of water
Animal cells do not have walls
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Cytoplasm
Organelles are surrounded by
this jelly like substance
Primary component is water
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Nucleus
Repository for genetic material
Directs activities of the cell
Surface of nucleus bound by two phospholipid
bilayer membranes
nuclear membrane
Nuclear pores protein gatekeepers
Usually proteins going in and RNA going
out
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Other organelles
Lysosomes
Golgi bodies
Mitochondria
Ribosomes
Endoplasmic reticulum
Vacuoles
Chloroplasts in plants

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Lysosome
Small round
Store enzymes that break down
food into chemical compounds
Destroy cell organelles and the
cell itself
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Golgi Apparatus
Look like a thick elastic band that has
been folded several times
collect, package, and distribute
molecules synthesized at one location
in the cell and utilized at another
location
Adds modifications to unfinished
proteins
Makes lysosomes

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Mitochondria
Energy factories
Rod shaped
Change food into molecules that
can be used for energy
Contain own DNA
Can replicate themselves

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Mitochondria
A. "Powerhouse of the cell" - cellular
metabolism
B. Structure- outer and inner membranes,
cristae
C. Have their own DNA
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Ribosome
Ribosome make proteins for
cellular use and communication
May be attached to endoplasmic
reticulum
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Endoplasmic reticulum
Layered membraneous
Make and transport proteins
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Vacuole
Large organelle, without specific
shape
Store waste or raw materials
used in synthesis of proteins
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Chlorplast
Found in plants and some other
organisms
Contain chlorophyll
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Endosymbiosis
Endosymbiotic theory suggests engulfed
prokaryotes provided hosts with advantages
associated with specialized metabolic
activities.
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Theory of Endosymbiosis
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Plant Cells
Central vacuole
often found in the center of a plant, and
serves as a storage facility for water and
other materials
Cell wall
primary walls laid down while cell is
growing
middle lamella glues cells together
secondary walls inside the primary cell
walls after growth
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Plant Cell
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Animal Cells
Animal cells lack cell walls.
form extracellular matrix
provides support, strength, and resilience
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Cellular processes
Respiration
Osmosis
Diffusion
Photosynthesis
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Respiration
Cells break down carbohydrates
and other molecules to produce
energy
Oxidation of glucose is one of
most common forms
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Respiration
Breaking down of sugar into
water, carbon dioxide, and
energy
Energy is used to do the work of
the cell
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Osmosis & Diffusion
Transport of raw materials,
wastes, and synthesized
materials out of the cell
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Diffusion
Movement of molecules,
especially gases and liquids
from areas of high concentration
to areas of low concentration
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Osmosis
Specific type of diffusion
Movement of water through a
membrane from areas of high
concentration to areas of low
concentration
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Equilibrium
Diffusion and osmosis happen
to enable a cell to reach
equilibrium
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Cellular reproduction
Three ways
Fission
Mitosis
Meiosis
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Fission
Prokaryotes
Cell grows larger and makes a
second copy of its DNA
At some point the cell membrane
divides the cell by the growth of a
transverse septum
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Fission
Two new cells are formed as the
division grows inward from either
side of the cell
Two cells now called daughter
cells
Sometimes known as binary
fission
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Mitosis
Eukaryotes
Requires 6 stages
Interphase, prophase,
metaphase, anaphase,
telophase, cytokinesis
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Mitosis
Creates cells that are identical
to the original cell.
Have the entire compliment of
chromosomes existing in pairs -
diploid
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Meiosis
Division of sex cells
Stages of Meiosis I: Interphase
I, prophase I, metaphase I,
anaphase I, telophase I,
cytokinesis I
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Meiosis
Meiosis II
Interphase II, prophase II,
metaphase II, anaphase II,
telophase II, cytokinesis II
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Meiosis
Each cell receives one
chromosome from each pair
randomly
Resulting cells have half the
normal number of
Chromosomes - haploid