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Introduction
Definition : -
Global warming is the increase in the average temperature of the Earth's
near-surface air and oceans. Global surface temperature increased 0.74 ±
0.18 °C during the last century. The
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) concludes that increasing
greenhouse gas concentrations resulting from human activity such as
fossil fuel burning and deforestation caused most of the observed
temperature increase since the middle of the 20th century.
• Climate model projections summarized in the latest IPCC report indicate that
the global surface temperature will probably rise a further 1.1 to 6.4 °C (2.0
to 11.5 °F) during the twenty-first century. Warming is expected to continue
beyond 2100 even if emissions stop, because of the large heat capacity of
the oceans and the long lifetime of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.
Temperature changes
• An increase in global temperature will cause sea levels to rise
and will change the amount and pattern of precipitation,
probably including expansion of subtropical deserts. The
continuing retreat of glaciers, permafrost and sea ice is
expected, with warming being strongest in the Arctic. Other
likely effects include increases in the intensity of
extreme weather events, species extinctions, and changes in
agricultural yields.
• The atmosphere allows a large percentage of the rays of visible light from the Sun to
reach the Earth's surface and heat it. A part of this energy is reradiated by the Earth's
surface in the form of long-wave infrared radiation, much of which is absorbed by
molecules of carbon dioxide and water vapor in the atmosphere and which is reflected
back to the surface as heat. The trapping of this infrared radiation causes the Earth's
surface and lower atmospheric layers to warm to a higher temperature.
• Naturally occurring greenhouse gases have a mean warming effect of about 33 °C
(59 °F). The major greenhouse gases are water vapor, which causes about 36–70
percent of the greenhouse effect; carbon dioxide (CO2), which causes 9–26 percent;
methane (CH4), which causes 4–9 percent ;and ozone (O3), which causes 3–7 percent .
Green House Effect
Human activity since the Industrial Revolution has
increased the amount of greenhouse gases in the
atmosphere. The concentrations of CO2 and methane
have increased by 36% and 148% respectively since the
mid-1700s. These levels are much higher than at any
time during the last 650,000 years, the period for which
reliable data has been extracted from ice cores.
Aerosols
• A system of liquid or solid particles uniformly distributed in a finely
divided state through a gas, usually air is called as an Aerosol. These
particles play an important role in the precipitation process. They
participate in chemical processes and influence the electrical
properties of the atmosphere. These aerosols exert a cooling effect by
increasing the reflection of incoming sunlight.
2)Cloud : -
Warming is expected to change the distribution and type of clouds. Seen
from below, clouds emit infrared radiation back to the surface, and so
exert a warming effect; seen from above, clouds reflect sunlight and emit
infrared radiation to space, and so exert a cooling effect.
3)Gas Release : -
Release of gases of biological origin may be affected by global warming,
but research into such effects is at an early stage. Gases such as
Nitrous oxide released from peat, directly affect climate.
4) Ice – Albedo Effect : -
2) Geo – Engineering :-
Geoengineering is the deliberate modification of Earth's
natural environment on a large scale to suit human needs.
An example is greenhouse gas remediation, which removes
greenhouse gases from the atmosphere, usually through
carbon sequestration techniques.
Solar radiation management reduces absorbed solar