ENGLISH IV

WORD ETYMOLOGY
The study of word parts
(prefix/root, word/suffix). It
involves separating an
unfamiliar word into its parts
to get its meaning.

PREFIXES
ADDED AT THE
BEGINNING OF
ANOTHER WORD OR
WORD PART
PREFIXES
PREFIX MEANING EXAMPLES
A NOT APATHETIC-NOT INTERESTED
AMBI BOTH/AROUND AMBIDEXTROUS-SKILLED
CATA DOWN CATAPULT- THROWN DOWN
DEMI HALF, PARTIAL DEMIGOD-PART MAN,
PART GOD
EX, E,EF OUT OF, FROM EFFACE-ERASE
EMIT-GIVE OUT
EXIT-PASSAGE OUT
PREFIXES
PREFIX MEANING EXAMPLES
HYPO LACK OF HYPOTHERMIA
INTRA WITHIN INTRAMURAL-WITHIN A
CITY OR SCHOOL
NEO NEW NEOPHYTE-BEGINNER
OMNI ALL OMNIPOTENT-UNLIMITED
POWER
PAN ALL PANTHEISM-WORSHIP
OF ALL GODS
VICE INSTEAD OF VICE VERSA-INTERCHANGEABLE
SUFFIXES
ADDED AT THE END
OF ANOTHER
WORD OR WORD
PART
SUFFIXES
SUFFIX MEANING EXAMPLES
AGE CONDITION COURAGE-CONDITION OF
BEING BRAVE
CLE, CULE SMALL MOLECULE- SMALL MASS
FOLLICLE-SMALL SAC
ESCENT BECOMING PUTRESCENT-BECOMING
PUTRID OR CORRUPT
FIC MAKING PROLIFIC-TO MAKE
ABUNDANT

SUFFIXES
SUFFIX MEANING EXAMPLES
IOUS FULL OF ILLUSTROUS- FULL OF FAME
ORY A PLACE FOR FACTORY-BUILDING USED FOR
MANUFACTURING
TUDE STATE OF LASSITUDE-STATE OF BEING
TIRED
Y RESEMBLING, STONY-LIKE A STONE
CONDITION, KITTY-SMALL CAT
SMALL

BASE WORD
A COMPLETE WORD TO WHICH A
PREFIX AND/OR A SUFFIX MAY BE
ADDED
EXAMPLE:
reSTATE- to say again
MERRIment- condition of
being cheerful

ROOTWORD
Root word has a specific
meaning that can help
determine the meaning of the
entire word. It needs a prefix
and/or suffix to make it a
complete word.
ROOTWORD
EXAMPLE:

acTION- doing something
*notice: the word TION needs the prefix ac to
make it a complete word.
COMmand- to order with authority
*notice: the word COM needs the suffix
mand to make it a complete
word.



DEFINITION
It is usually signaled by a form of
be (is, are, were).
Example:
A chassis is the mechanical part
of the vehicle.
RESTATEMENT
words or phrases- in other words, or , that is, this
means, and to put it another way
demonstrative pronouns- this, that, these, and those
appositives- set off by commas, parentheses, and
dashes
Example:
William is considered a whelpthat is, he doesnt do
anything to help his aging father in the farm.
(A whelp is a good-for-nothing young man.)
EXAMPLE
Example is signaled by especially, for example,
for instance, like, other, particularly, such,
and such as.
Example:
Daryls gesticulations, particularly how he
waved his hand, make it clear that he was in
a hurry.
(Gesticulation means a movement of a
body part)


COMPARISON
Comparison is often signaled by as, like,
similar, and the way.
Example:
His risible portrayals in his movies are
just like Chevys ridiculous antics on
stage.
(Risible means ridiculous or silly)
CONTRAST
Contrast is signaled by although, as opposed to,
but, on the contrary, on the other hand, and
unlike.
Example:
Tinas prudence saved her from bankruptcy unlike
her fabled friend who suffered from her own
folly.
(Prudence is the opposite or antonym of folly.
Prudence means carefulness; folly means
foolishness)
CAUSE-AND-EFFECT
Relationships are signaled by as a result,
because, consequently, since, therefore,
and when.
Example:
Sammy was not studying well and as a
result,
he flunked Science.
INFERENCE FROM SUPPORTING DETAILS
Example:
At ballet recital, Lisa is doing an
arabesque as she extends one leg
straight backward, one arm forward,
and the other arm backward.
(The details of the context tell that an
arabesque is a ballet position.)
INFERENCE BASED ON CONTEXT
Example:
Mr. Antonio was such a penurious person that his
neighbors were surprised when his children had non-
stop shopping sprees and bought new cars. Their
observations grew wild as the children started
constructing new houses for themselves. Finally,
they learned that the old man had passed away.
(From the contrast that is developed between a
penurious person and one who would allow so much
spending, it can be inferred that penurious means
sparing in spending or stingy.)
INFERENCE BASED ON STRUCTURE
Example:
His remarks were considered scurrilous.
He was prevented from taking in public
because his speeches were often
obscene. (The parallel placement of
scurrilous and obscene as adjectives
suggest that scurrilous means
obscene or vulgar.
SYNONYM
Introduced by or, that is, or
by using italics or comma.
Affluent or wealthy
individuals should show
more compassion to the less
fortunate.
ANTONYM
Introduced by however, but, yet, on the other
hand

Most teachers are too lenient they have no
specific rulesbut others are quite strict.
Hint: the word but signals a word that is the
opposite of lenient.
Lenient therefore means not strict.
Sentence Sense
By getting the idea expressed in the sentence gives the
meaning of the unknown word; select words in the
sentence are the clues.
Mr. Santos tried to dissuade his son from joining the
rally which most likely will be violently dispersed but
he went away anyway to show his support.
(The choices for synonym of dissuade are question,
discourage, or explain.)
Hint: ask yourself this question (What would Mr.
Santos do if he thinks the rally would most likely be
violently dispersed and his son can get hurt?)
WORD ANALOGY
This test requires the ability to analyze
similar or parallel relationships. The
presentation is usually done as a single-
word approach or paired approach. In
both the objective is to form two pairs
of words that are similarly related.


WORD ANALOGY
Example:
(single word approach)
rooster:hen::gander: a. duck b. goose c. fowl

(paired approach)
Rooster:chick: . a. drake:duck
b. drake: duckling
STRATEGIES FOR WORD ANALOGY
1.Form a sentence that clearly expresses a
relationship or connection between the first pair of
words. A list of possible types of relationships can
be used to determine the connection.
Example: Acrobat:cartwheel: .
a. singer:sing c. tenor:aria
b. artwork:painter d. clown:circus
Relationship: worker:action
Sentence: An acrobat performs a cartwheel
STRATEGIES FOR WORD ANALOGY
2. Test this relationship for the same pairs of choices in
number one.
a.Singer performs a song; not sing.
b.Cannot form the same relationship
c.A tenor performs an aria.
d.Cannot form the same relationship
STRATEGIES FOR WORD ANALOGY
3. Try to narrow down or particularize the relationship
Express in a sentence showing a clear and specific
relationship between the pairs of words.
Example:
A tenor sings an aria.
STRATEGIES FOR WORD ANALOGY
4. Watch out for tricky questions. The choices
will purposely include confusing answers.
Example:
Check the parts of speech
Acrobat: cartwheel is noun-noun
Look at the order
Acrobat: cartwheel is person-action.
STRATEGIES FOR WORD ANALOGY
5. Do a final P.O.E. by looking at
all the choices, eliminating the
non-choice which maybe pairs of
words that do not form a clear
and definite relationship
BORROWING
There are two (2) Filipino words in an
updated dictionary.

1. boondocks (bundok)- rural, province
2. Imeldific (Imelda Marcos)- wasteful
Blending
Examples:
Smog= smoke + fog
Motel= hotel + motor
Sitcom = situation + comedy
Telecast= television+ broadcast
Brunch= break + lunch
Clipped Words
Lab-laboratory
Burger-hamburger
Fridge/ref-refrigerator
E-mail- electronic mail
Internet-international
networking
Trademarks
Xerox
Pingpong
Tupperware
Escalator

ACRONYMS
NASA- National Aeronautics and Space Administration
Scuba- self-contained underwater breathing apparatus
Laser- light amplification by stimulated emission of
radiation
Radar- Radio Detection And Ranging.
Sin-Sine
PAG-ASA- Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and
Astronomical Service Administration
If the word is still unclear, these can help us arrive at the correct answer.
Eliminate answers
1.Ask yourself if you can associate the word with an
object, person, an idea or an experience. For
example, solemnity is associated with praying,
mass, or church. Therefore any word that suggests
roughness, loudness, improper action must be
eliminated.
2.Test for the consistency of the part of speech. If the
given is a noun, the answer must also be a noun.
3.Determine the tone or mood of the word. Words
may suggest good, positive or upbeat tone.
4.. Do a final process of elimination (P.O.E)
Choose the best answer.