Laboratory Session 11

Whole Blood
Formed
elements
Erythrocytes
Lymphocytes
Thrombocytes
Plasma
Water
Solutes
Straw coloured
Viscous
90% water
10% solutes
respiratory gases,
salts, hormones,
proteins.
http://www.daviddarling.info/images/blood_plasma.jpg
Disc shaped
Biconcave
Anucleate
120 days
http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Notes/images/rbc.jpg
Transports oxygen
and carbon dioxide
Hemoglobin
Heme + globin
Binds easily and
reversibly with O
2
Molecules can
transport four O
2
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/images/ency/fullsize/19510.jpg
Large nuclei
Defend against
diseases
Wrights stain used
to differentiate blood
cells
Two types:
Granulocyte
Agranulocyte

http://www.righthealth.com/adam/graphics/images/en/15216.jpg
Granules are visible , that is, they stain
with Wrights stain
Most numerous (50-
70%)
Nucleus multi lobed
Clear granules
Cells engage in
phagocytosis
http://www.tcd.ie/Genetics/staff/Miguel_DeArce_GE3095/Miguel_DeA
rce_GE3095/Images/mo103le_neutrophil.jpg
2-4% of WBC
Nucleus bilobed
Red granules
Kill parasitic worms
release enzymes
http://www.cytochemistry.net/microanatomy/blood/eosinophil4.JPG
< 1%
Nucleus bilobed
Purple granules
Contain histamine
inflammatory chemical

http://www.tcd.ie/Genetics/staff/Miguel_DeArce_GE3095/Miguel_De
Arce_GE3095/Images/ba103le_basophil.jpg
Lack visible granules
Second most
numerous WBC
(>25%)
Nucleus - spherical
Small amount in the
blood stream
Direct attack on cells
or via antibodies
http://www.tcd.ie/Genetics/staff/Miguel_DeArce_GE3095/Miguel_DeA
rce_GE3095/Images/ly100le_lymphocyte.jpg
3-8% of WBC
Nucleus U shaped
Phagocytosis -
macrophages
http://education.vetmed.vt.edu/Curriculum/VM8054/Labs/Lab6/IMAGES/MO
NOCYTE%20IN%20SMEAR.JPG
Fragments of
megakaryocytes
Engage in hemostasis
http://www2.victoriacollege.edu/dept/bio/Belltutorials/Histology%20Tutorial/Ba
sic%20Tissues/imageNB2.JPG
Tunica externa
Connective tissue
Collagen fibres
Tunica media
Smooth muscle
Elastic fibres
Tunica intima
Endothelium
http://legacy.owensboro.kctcs.edu/gcaplan/anat2/histology/artery.jpg
http://biology.clc.uc.edu/fankhauser/Labs/Anatomy_&_Physiology/A&P203/Cir
culatory_System/Artery_Vein_400x_P4043315lbd.JPG
Basement membrane
Endothelial cells
single layer
http://www.lab.anhb.uwa.edu.au/mb140/corepages/vascular/Images/c
ap100wp.jpg
http://www.vhlab.umn.edu/atlas/ex/graphics/startimage.jpg
Ascending aorta
Arch of the aorta
Descending thoracic
aorta
Diaphragm point of
reference
Abdominal aorta
http://my.clevelandclinic.org/PublishingImages/heart/aortaLG.jpg
http://www.worldinvisible.com/images/apolog/body/bloodjci.gif
Arterial palpation of the heartbeat
Palpated where an artery can be
compressed against bone
Common areas include:
Carotid artery
Radial artery
Popliteal artery
Brachial artery

http://sashiimii.files.wordpress.com/2010/08/11
16_pulse-palpablesites_1.jpg?w=458&h=599
Blood flow
volume of blood flowing through a vessel in a
given period (ml/min)
Equivalent to cardiac output
Blood pressure
force per unit area exerted on a vessel wall (mm
Hg)

Resistance opposition to flow
Viscosity: greater viscosity, greater resistance
Length of vessel: longer vessel, greater resistance
Diameter of vessel: smaller diameter, greater
resistance

Pressure results when blood flow is
opposed by resistance

Arterial
Systolic pressure 120 mm Hg: contraction of left
ventricle; stretching of arteries
Diastolic pressure 70 t0 80 mm Hg: recoil of
arteries
Brachial a.
Capillary
35 mm Hg
Veins
15 mm Hg
http://ultimate-maqui-berry.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/03/bp.jpg
Atherosclerosis
Fatty material collects along the walls of
arteries
Walls of arteries become thicker and stiffer
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0001224
Most often affected are the aorta, carotid
and coronary arteries
Results in hypertension, stroke and heart
attack

http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/images/ency/fullsize/18050.jpg
Blood type is determined by red cell
antigens.
Antigen: molecule capable of provoking a
defensive reaction
Antibody: specialized blood protein generated
specifically to attack and antigen
Agglutination: process of forming
interlocking chains of RBCs in blood
Cohen, B. J. and J. J. Taylor (2009).
Memmler's Structure and Function of the
Human Body. Baltimore, Lippincott
Williams and Wilkins.
Marieb, E. N. and K. Hoehn (2010).
Human Anatomy and Physiology. San
Francisco, Benjamin Cummings.
Martini, F. H. (2006). Fundamentals of
Anatomy and Physiology. San Francisco,
Benjamin Cummings.